Anatomy Exam 1 PT 1

organisms

Anatomy (Greek anatome) is the branch of biology concerned with the study of the ___________ of organisms and their parts

Herophilus

(335-255 bc)
Father of anatomy- performed vivisections (surgery while alive)

Andrease vesalius

_________ _________(1500s)
Father of modern anatomy (anatomical terms); based on latin

study

professional careers (doctor/dentist/nurse/PT/kinesiology/exercise science), personal health, forensic investigations (autopsies,archaeology, knowledge) these are all reasons to ________ anatomy

functions

physiology is the study of how the body ________; within it is homeostatic mechanisms

homeostatic mechanisms

how body reacts to changes in conditions and tries to go back to some range of baseline values

structures

anatomy
-study of interior and exterior _________
-naming parts & how they fit together
specific anatomical parts have specific physiological functions

anatomy dictates physiology

anatomy & physiology
which dictates which

homeostatic

production of bile, chemical processes, detoxification, mechanism
these are all examples of ________ mechanisms

liver

the ______ is an example of how anatomical structures match with physiological functions. for example, structure, lobes, blood vessels, gallbladder/bile duct attachment

protein (primary= amino & nucleotides.. folding =alpha/beta.. structures... shape change is function change... temperature & ph can denature)

form fits function
an example is ______

blockages

Red blood cells
-normal cells full of hemoglobin carry oxygen..
-round concave good for travel (large -> small)
-fibers of abnormal hemoglobin deform RBC into sickle shape which leads to hang up and..

cells, tissues

cytology is to ______ as histology is to ______

microscopic

cytology & histology are examples of what kind of anatomy

gross (macroscopic)

surface anatomy, clinical anatomy, surgical anatomy, developmental anatomy, and comparative anatomy are all examples of ______ anatomy

surface

_______ anatomy: superficial anatomical markings & relationship to deeper structures

clinical

how anatomy changes during illnesses

surgical

landmarks for surgical procedures

developmental

______ anatomy: changes over time

comparative

__________ anatomy: anatomical similarities & differences between types of animals (typically vertebrates)
-basic vertebrates have braincase, brain/spinal cord, notochord, pharyngeal arches, muscular tract, ventral body cavity

synapomorphies

shared derived trats; all members of a group have that trait

cat, whale, bat

name the 4 species that displayed similar humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges to humans

nerve, noto, tail, arches, brain case

name the 5 verebrate synapomorphies
1. dorsal hollow _______ _______
2. ___chord
3.post anal-______
4. pharyngeal ______ (humans- lungs, fish-gills)
5. ______

chemical/molecular --> cellular --> tisue --> organ --> organ system

name the system changes from simple to complex. there are 5

DNA

system changes
-chemical/molecular (atoms to molecules) -->
-cellular (smallest living units, collections of molecules, can have organelles, _______) -->
-tissue (cells & some surrounding tissue) -->
-organ (combined tissue-->
-organ system (combination of organs) -->
-organism

11

how many organ systems do humans have? all have homeostatic importance

66

Molecular composition of the human body?
water

3

molecular percentage of carbs in the body?

10

Molecular composition of the human body?
lipids

20

Molecular composition of the human body?
proteins

62, 26

percentage of these elements in body
Hydrogen, oxygen

trace elements

Calcium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Sodium, Sulfur, Chlorine, Magnesium, Iron, Iodine, and others are all...
(Claires pretty picky so she cant meet in iowa)

energy, environment, adaptation

7 characteristics of life
1. order
2. regulation
3. growth & development
4. _____ processing
5. response to ________
6. reproduction
7. evolutionary ______

virus

a _____ is not a living thing.
-does have order
-does not self regulate, grow, or process energy
-does respond to environment
-reproduces but not alone
-does adapt

responsiveness

internal and external; respond to
changes via acute or chronic adjustments;
homeostasis

Hypertrophy

increase in size of cells; individual cells

Hyperplasia

increase in number of cells

co2

metabolism & excreation are chemical reactions
-in excretion, waste, excess ions (kidneys), and ____ is removed

catabolism

breaking down complex molecules

synthesis of complex molecules

anabolism

absorption

________: process of bringing material into body

respiration

________: atp production (uses oxygen), absorption, transport, and use of oxygen

integumentary

what system?
Primary function: protects against external environment (physical barrier)
-thermoregulation & sensory
-keratinized & water retention

-skin, hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, sensory receptors, subcutaneous layer

skeletal

what system?
primary function: support & protection
-immunity, storage of Ca++, feeding

-bones, cartilage, joints, ligaments, bone marrow

muscular system

what system?
primary function: movement
-thermoregulation, contraction = heat, storage of amino acids

-skeletal muscles, tendons & aponeuroses

nervous system

what system
primary function: relays & processes info for homeostasis & senses
-hormones

peripheral nevous system

which nervous system?
links other nervous system with organs & sense organs

central

the brain, spinal cord, and senses are all part of the _________ nervous systems

endocrine

what system?
primary function: chronic homeostasis
-allows for reproduction

-all the glands, thymus, kidneys, pancrease, gonads (testes, ovaries)

cardiovascular

what system?
primary function: transport of gasses & nutrients
thermoregulation, pH balance, immune function, endocrine function

-heart, blood vessels (arteries, capillaries, veins), blood

lymphatic

what system ?
primary function: immune function & water balance
aids in absorption of nutrients

-lymphatic vessels, lymph notes, spleen, thymus

respiratory

what system?
primary function: gas exchange & pH balance
water balance

-nose cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs (alveoli)

digestive system

what system?
primary function: digestion & absorption of nutrients; water absorption
-removes waste from blood, immune function

-mouth, salivary gland, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, both intestines, pancreas, gallbladder, liver

urinary

what system?
primary function: filters blood of excess waste, ions, solutes, pH & water balance
-endocrine function
-kidneys, ureters, urethra, bladder

reproductive system

what is the only organ system that does not have a primary homeostatic role?

secondary sex characteristic

the genetically determined sex characteristics that are not functionally necessary for reproduction

supine, prone

all discussion of anatomy is in reference to anatomical position
-_____ lying face up
-_____ lying face down

okay

heres your reminder to review the quizlet on terms & views

serous membranes

provide lubrication to organs

body cavities

_____ _________: thoracic & abdominopelvic)
Empty space ; organs can move independently of external body in movement ; also independently of others ; lined w membranes

parietal pleura

pleural cavity: ______ _______ lines the cavity; lines inside of ribcage

organ, cavity

visceral is to _______ as parietal is to _________

visceral pleura

pleural cavity: ________ ______ is in contact with lungs; on surface

visceral layer of serous pericardium

pericardial cavity: what is in contact with heart?

parietal layer of serous pericardium

pericardial cavity: what lines the cavity

visceral peritoneum

peritoneal cavity: what is in contact with abdominal organs

parietal peritoneum

peritoneal cavity: what lines the cavity

mesenteries

double sheets of peritoneum

abdominopelvic

___________ cavity houses pelvic cavity (reproductive structures & bladder), abdominal cavity, and peritoneal cavity

thoracic

_______ cavity houses pleural cavity & pericardial cavity

diaphragm

divides the thoracic cavity (left pleural cavity vs right pleural cavity, mediastinum & pericardial cavity)

membrane

thin sheet of tissue or cells that line cavities