Chapter 33: The Animal Body Plan: Basic Form and Function

These flashcards cover key concepts from Chapter 33: The Animal Body Plan, including cellular structure, tissue types, homeostasis, and physiological functions in animals.

Why is a high surface area-to-volume ratio important for cells?

It facilitates the efficient diffusion of nutrients and oxygen.

What is the primary difference between Parazoa and Eumetazoa regarding tissues?

Parazoa (sponges) lack defined tissues and organs, while Eumetazoa possess distinct and well-defined tissues.

How does body size generally affect the metabolic rate of endotherms?

Smaller endothermic organisms have a higher BMR than larger ones to compensate for heat lost through their larger surface area relative to their volume.

What are the four main types of animal tissues?

Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues.

How are epithelial tissues classified?

By the number of layers (simple or stratified) and the shape of the cells.

What is the primary function of connective tissue?

To connect different tissues together and provide structural support.

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle.

What are the two main components of nervous tissue?

Neurons and neuroglia.

Define homeostasis.

The process of maintaining internal conditions around a specific set point.

What is acclimatization in the context of homeostasis?

Changes in one organ system to maintain a set point in another organ system.

Why must animals maintain a relatively constant internal temperature?

To keep enzymes efficient and avoid protein denaturation.

Which part of the brain controls thermoregulation?

The hypothalamus.

What are the four mechanisms of heat exchange?

Radiation, convection, conduction, and evaporation.

What do endothermal animals do?

They maintain their own body temperature.

What do ectothermic animals rely on?

They rely on the external environment to maintain body temperature.

What is Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)?

Average amount of energy used by an organism in a non-active state.

What does the sagittal plane do?

Divides the body into right and left portions.

What is the difference between midsagittal and parasagittal planes?

Midsagittal divides the body equally, while parasagittal is off-center.

What is the frontal plane also known as?

Coronal plane.

What does the oblique plane refer to?

A transverse cut at an angle.

What is the function of neurons?

Generate and send electrical signals.

What type of tissue lines cavities, open spaces, and surfaces?

Epithelial tissue.

What is squamous epithelium?

Flat, irregular cell shape.

What is cuboidal epithelium?

Cube shaped with a central nucleus.

What defines columnar epithelium?

Tall, narrow cells with the nucleus toward the base.

What is pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium?

Special epithelial cells found in the respiratory tract.

What do goblet cells produce?

Mucus for pseudostratified tissue.

What is transitional epithelium?

Cells that appear stratified but are simple and round.

What is a matrix in connective tissue?

Non-cellular material that cells of connective tissue are embedded in.

What is ground substance?

What a matrix is usually composed of.

What type of connective tissue includes chondrocytes and chondroblasts?

Cartilage.

What is skeletal muscle?

Voluntary and striated muscle tissue.

What is smooth muscle?

Involuntary muscle tissue with no striations.

What is cardiac muscle?

Involuntary muscle tissue with striations.

What is a negative feedback loop?

Counteracts any internal changes and reverses the direction of the change.

What is a positive feedback loop?

Maintains and potentially strengthens the response to a stimulus.

What are neuroglia?

Supportive cells of nervous tissue.

What do dendrites do?

Used for communication between other nerve cells.

How does an axon function?

It sends a message/signal, with the message itself being the action potential.

What is myelin?

A fat that can speed up the movement of an action potential.

What is an oligodendrocyte?

Glial cells that wrap around a nerve cell in a myelin sheath.

What is grey matter?

Nerve tissue that has no myelin.

What is white matter?

Nerve tissue that gets its white appearance from the presence of myelin.

What is hyaline cartilage?

Cartilage fibers with a small amount of collagen.

What is fibrocartilage?

Cartilage fibers with a large amount of collagen.

What type of connective tissue includes osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts?

Bone.

What type of connective tissue includes adipocytes?

Adipose.

What type of connective tissue includes red and white blood cells?

Blood.