Gross Anatomy - Unit 1-1 Skin and Superficial Fascia

Body Wall

This includes the skin, superficial fascia, deep fascia surrounding the skeletal muscle, bone.

Body cavity

This contains organs and related structures. Primarily in the thoracic and abdominal regions

Limbs

These are outgrowths of the body wall and do not contain cavities

Superficial fascia

This is a type of subcutaneous tissue.

Composed of LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE, and STORED FAT.

Includes sweat glands, superficial blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, cutaneous nerves. (sensations)

Deep Fascia

This is deep to the skin, and superficial fascia.

Composed of dense connective tissue, NOT FAT.

Extensions include INVESTING FASCIA around the neurovascular bundle, and FASCIAL COMPARTMENTS around muscles separated by intermuscular septa.

Neurovascular bundle

This includes the bundling of nerves (spinal and cranial) and Blood vessels (arteries vein)

Away from

Arteries carry blood ... the heart.

Arteries

Do arteries or veins have thicker walls?

Toward the

Veins carry blood ... the heart.

More abundant and more viariation

A unique quality of veins

Veins

Are arteries or veins more superficial?

Spinal nerves

Part of the PNS, emerge at regular intervals from the spinal cord.

Cranial Nerves

Part of the PNS, emerge from the brain

Afferent neurons

Another name for sensory neurons

Efferent neurons

Another name for motor neurons

Afferent

neurons that conduct impulses from the body to the CNS

Efferent

Neurons that conduct impulses to the body from the CNS

White matter

is gray matter or white matter myelinated?

Dendrites

These receive information from outside of the cell and deliver signals to the cell body of a neuron.

Axon

The part of a neuron that carries electrical impulses away from the cell body.

Multipolar neurons

This type of neuron has:

- One axon

- Many dendrites

- Cell body in CNS

- Axons n PNS

Mostly Motor Neurons

Pseudounipolar Neurons

This type of neuron has:

- Central process

- Peripheral process (conducts impulse toward cell body)

- Cell body in PNS

- Most axons in PNS, some CNS

Mostly Sensory

Somatic and Autonomic

The PNS is divided into what two categories?

Motor and Sensory (Efferent and Afferent)

The somatic nervous system is divided into what two somatic neurons?

Motor and Sensory (Efferent and Afferent)

The Autonomic/visceral nervous system is further divided into what two types?

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

The Autonomic/visceral motor nervous system is further divided into what type categories?

Interneurons

These neurons will relay sensory information from Afferent neurons, to efferent neurons.

Ventral horn

are somatic efferent cell bodies located in the ventral or the dorsal horn of the spinal cord?

Dorsal horn

are somatic afferent cell bodies located in the ventral or dorsal horn of the spinal cord?

Understand the pathways of the Afferent and Efferent nerves.

Ganglions (has to do with the fact that somatic afferent neurons are pseudounipolar)

Dorsal neural pathway has what that the ventral pathway does not have?

Spinal Nerves

when the efferent and afferent fibers combine, they form what?

Branch (dorsal/ventral ramus are nerves that branch from the spinal cord.

Ramus mean what?

Dorsal roots/rootlets

Contain sensory (afferent) fibers from sensory neurons in dorsal root ganglia and conduct impulses from peripheral receptors.

Ventral roots/rootlets

Contain Motor (efferent) fibers from ventral horn motor neurons. The fibers innervate skeletal muscles.

Back

Epaxial means what?

Front (all other trunk, most neck and all limbs)

hypaxial

Cutaneous nerves

these are branches that innervate the skin.

Deep

Most motor nerves pass ... to their targets

perforate

Sensory cutaneous nerves ... back muscles to innervate the skin.

Scapula, arm

The back muscles (extrinsic back/hypaxial) move and stabilize the ... and move the ...

1 attachment

The extrinsic back/hypaxial muscles generally have ... ... outside of the back (not posterior)

Dorsal Ramus

The intrinsic back/epaxial muscles are innervated by the ... ... of the spinal nerve.

head, neck and vertebral column

The primary action of the intrinsic back/epaxial muscles are to stabilize the ..., ... ... ... ...

Be able to label this entire image.

SAME DAVE

Sensory - Afferent - Motor - Efferent

Dorsal - Afferent - Ventral - Efferent

Gray matter

Is the dorsal and ventral horn in the white or gray matter?

Dorsal Root

The convergence of many dorsal rootlets; contains sensory (afferent) fibers that divide into central processes that enter the spinal cord and peripher processes to spinal nerves; from the dorsal hron of the spinal cord to spinal nerve.

Ventral Root

Convergence of many ventral rootlets at each body segment; consists of motor (efferent) fibers from ventral horn to spinal nerve; located ventral to the denticulate ligament.

Dorsal Root Ganglion

Contains sensory cell bodies, each cell body sends out an axon that divides into a central process to the spinal cord and a peripheral process to the spinal nerve.

Intervertebral foramen

Spinal nerve exits through a ... ...

8

How many cervical nerves are there?

7

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

above the T1 vertebrae

Where is the 8th cervical spinal nerve located?

12

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

12

How many thoracic nerves are there?

5

How many lumbar vertebrae are there?

5

How many lumbar nerves are there?

5

How many sacral vertebrae are there?

5

How many sacral nerves are there?

4 (fused)

How many coccygeal vertebrae are there?

1

How many coccygeal nerves are there?

C2

The greater occipital nerve stems from the dorsal ramus of which cervical vertebrae.

Dermatome

One strop of skin innervated by one spinal nerve

Myotome

Collection of muscle fibers innervated by one spinal nerve.