BIOL 474 Exam 2

*Which ancient civilization is credited with the early adoption of bloodletting as a medical treatment?

Ancient Greece

During the Renaissance what concept contributed to the decline of bloodletting?

Circulatory system

What was the cause of George Washingtons' death?

Pneumonia

What part of the world is yellow fever most commonly found in today?

South Saharan Africa

In which war did Florence Nightingale gain prominence for her nursing work?

Crimean War

Florence Nightingale is considered a pioneer in the use of statistical tools in healthcare?

Bar chart

Which disease was particularly devastating among African slaves during the transatlantic slave trade?

Smallpox

The Indian healing system that emphasizes balance in the body energies known as “life forces” is called what?

Ayurveda

In traditional native American medicine what is the significance of the sweat lodge?

Ritual purification

Traditional Japanese healing that involves hands-on energy transfer is known as what?

Reiki

Who was the Ancient Persian physician who contributed to medicine and pharmacology?

Avicenna

What is the practice of using plant-based essential oils for therapeutic purposes, is known as?

Aromatherapy

What is the traditional native American practice of using medicine plants and herbs often known as?

Shamanism

Figures like whom did the Islamic Golden Age have significant contributions to medicine?

Avicenna and Rhazes

Which physician is credited with the development of the smallpox vaccine?

Edward Jenner

Florence Nightingale is known for her contributions to what field?

Public health (pioneer of modern nursing and sanitary reform)

What is the process of using and leaving microorganisms to restore or enhance beneficial microbial flora in the body known as?

Probiotics

What did Ignaz Semmelweis contribute to the field of medicine?

Hand hygiene and infection control

How does the World Health Organization (WHO) define health as?

Holistic well being

Which discovery was revolutionized by Wilhelm Roentgen's discovery of X-rays?

Diagnostic imaging

What is the primary goal of holistic medicine?

Mind-body balance

What major breakthrough did Andreas Vesalius contribute to the field of surgery during the Renaissance?

Anatomy and dissection

What does the concept of the “golden hour” in trauma surgery refer to?

Critical time for treating patients

What does the term “laparoscopy” refer to in surgical techniques involved?

Small incision is made

What is the purpose of the surgical safety checklist that was introduced by the World Health Organization (WHO)?

Decrease errors, increase teamwork, improve patient safety, and outcomes

What surgical techniques involve making a small incision using a camera for visualization?

Laparoscopy and endoscopy

The first successful health transplant was performed by who?

Christian Barnard

What is the purpose of the introduction of minimally invasive surgery?

Less pain, a shorter hospital stay and fewer complications. less damage caused (less time in hospital = less risk of infection)

*What ancient civilization is known for its early use of herbal remedies and holistic health practices?

China

In traditional native American medicine what is used for Ritual purification?

Sweat lodge

Reiki involves hands-on energy transfer and has its origin from what?

Traditional indian medicine (buddhism tibet to china)

Avicenna the ancient physician who contributed to medicine and pharmacology was originally from?

Persia

Which alternative practice uses diluted substances to stimulate the body's healing response?

Homeopathy

The practice of using plant-based essential oils for therapeutic purposes is known as?

Aromatherapy

Traditional African healing practices often involve the use of?

Dances and rituals

Shamanism, using medicinal plants and herbs is a practice related to?

Traditional native american healing

The term “osteopathy” refers to the form of an alternative medicine that focuses on what?

Bone and musculoskeletal health

When did Avicenna and Al-Razi make significant contributions to medicine?

In the middle ages (Islamic Golden Age)

What is the primary part of allopathic medicine?

Symptom supression

In what way did the discovery of penicillin by Alexander Fleming mark a significant advancement?

Germ theory

Edward Jenner is a physician who is credited with the development of which vaccine?

Smallpox vaccine

Who is credited for starting public health and nursing?

Florence Nightingale

The development of the stethoscope is attributed to?

René Laënnec

What is the primary goal of preventive medicine?

Prolong life and reduce disability

Which surgeon contributed to the field of medicine by introducing hand hygiene and infection control?

Ignaz Semmelweis

Which organization defines health as holistic well-being?

WHO

Holistic healing is the primary focus of which kind of medicine?

Naturopathic or Naturopathy (Ayurveda)

Diagnostic imaging was revolutionized by which discovery of Wilhelm Roentgen?

X-Ray

What is the field of epidemiology concerned with?

Cause of disease and its spread in a population

*Which type of medicine has the primary goal of mind-body balance?

Holistic medicine

During the renaissance which concept contributed to the decline in the popularity of bloodletting

Circulatory system

How did the development of antibiotics revolutionize surgery?

Reduced infection rates

Who is known for developing the concept of blood transfusion in surgery?

James Blundell

What is the primary focus of plastic surgery?

Improve body function

What part of the body does the specialty of neurosurgery focus on?

the brain and spine (nervous system)

What is the purpose of atherosclerosis surgery?

Opening of coronary arteries that are block or partially blocked

Who is considered the founder of medical microbiology?

Louis Pasteur

The invention of the microscope in the 17th century paved the way for the discovery of which organisms?

Animalcules, infusoria, scabies (mites) fungus

The identification of the causative agent of tuberculosis is attributed to which physician?

Dr. Robert Koch

What is the primary focus of immunology in microbiology?

Study of vaccines, and immune system responses?

PCR technique revolutionized medical microbiology by allowing what?

Polymerase Chain Reaction? Amplification of DNA - Genotyping, gene expression analysis?

What is the primary role of medical microbiologists in hospital settings?

To optimize the use of antibiotics effectively and safely

What is the primary goal of antimicrobial stewardship programs in medical microbiology?

Getting the best outcomes in the clinic using antimicrobials, while minimizing the consequences of using antimicrobials and causing resistance

What therapeutic techniques involve the introduction of a weakened or inactivated pathogen to stimulate an immune response?

Live attenuated vaccine

What therapeutic approach involves using high-energy rays to target and destroy cancer cells?

Radiation therapy

What diagnostic tools allow physicians to measure the electrical activity of the heart?

EKG/ECG

Who is credited with the discovery of penicillin?

Alexander fleming

The vaccine developed by Edward Jenner is for the prevention of which disease?

Smallpox

What does herd immunity refer to?

The % of a population that has to be immune to a disease so that it won’t spread rapidly through the population.

What are the symptoms of the MRSA infection?

Pus-filled lesion

What was the aim of the human genome project?

To discover complete sequence of DNA (understanding cancer)

What is the function of BRCA-1 and BRCA-2 genes in relation to cancer?

Mechanisms of repair, proteins that repair damaged genes, when they break cancer can occur

The Affordable Care Act (ACA) aimed to achieve which goals?

Make health insurance more affordable, for more people, and to slow the rising cost of healthcare in the US

Medicare is a federal health insurance program primarily designed for which population?

Over 65

Medicaid is a joint federal-state program that provides health coverage for which population?

Low income

What is one of the primary reasons for the high healthcare expenditure in the United States compared to other developed countries?

consolidation of hospitals, drug prices

Which factors contribute to the challenge of controlling US healthcare costs?

Fee for service payment model

What are the most common symptoms of Yellow Fever?

jaundice, delirium, black vomit

The practice of acupuncture is a key component of which healing system?

TCM

What is the Chinese martial art that incorporates movement, meditation, and breath control known as?

Ti Chi

What is the first recorded first surgical procedure and what is the ancient medical text known as?

Rhinoplasty; Sushrut Samhita

What is trephination?

Making a hole in the forehead, crown or temple region of the skull to relieve pressure

In which ancient civilization is mummification most famously associated?

Egyptian

Why would the ancients perform trephination?

To relieve pressure and religious rituals

Which organ was removed during the mummification to be weighed against the feather (by the God)?

Heart

In which period was trephination practiced in various parts of the world?

Neolithic/ new stone age

What natural conditions are conducive to the natural preservation of mummies?

Dry

How do paleopathologists analyze ancient skeletal remains?

Radiocarbon dating, DNA analysis, chemical analysis, X-ray

What tools were likely used during trephination in ancient times?

Flint or obsidian knife

In ancient Egyptian mythology, who was the goddess associated with healing and medicine?

Isis

In ancient Greece sick individuals who wanted healing would go to temples, they’re dedicated to which God of medicine?

Asceplius

What role did astrology play in ancient medical practices?

Relationships among gods, diseases, and healing. (effectiveness if medications etc)

What is the approximate age of Ayurveda in the ancient Indian system of medicine?

3,000 years old

According to Ayurveda what are the three fundamental energies or doshas?

Vatta, Pitta, Kapha

What is the detoxification and rejuvenation therapy in Ayurveda known as?

Panchakarma

How are yoga and Ayurveda related to traditional Indian medicine?

Practiced together, mind body spirit balance

According to Ayurveda optimal health is achieved when what happens?

When dosha are balanced

What are examples of ayurvedic herbs with medicinal properties?

turmeric, ashwagandha, licorice.

Which diagnostic method in Ayurveda involves pulse examination?

Nadi Pariksha

Which form of Ayurvedic massage typically uses coconut oil?

Abhyanga