01 Endocrine System Review

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Last updated 6:38 PM on 6/8/26
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16 Terms

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Endocrine System

Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.

<p>Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.</p>
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Endocrine gland

Glands of the endocrine system that release hormones into the bloodstream

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Hypothalamus

A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward.

<p>A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward.</p>
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anterior pituitary gland

the anterior part of the pituitary gland; an endocrine gland whose secretions are controlled by the hypothalamic hormones

<p>the anterior part of the pituitary gland; an endocrine gland whose secretions are controlled by the hypothalamic hormones</p>
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hormones secreted by anterior pituitary

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Luteinising hormone (LH)

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Prolactin (PRL)

Growth hormone (GH)

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

<p>Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)</p><p>Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)</p><p>Luteinising hormone (LH)</p><p>Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)</p><p>Prolactin (PRL)</p><p>Growth hormone (GH)</p><p>Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)</p>
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Posterior pituitary gland

also known as the neurohypophysis; it is made up of nervous tissue/neurons and stores and secretes 2 hormones made by the hypothalamus (oxytocin and ADH); it is controlled by action potentials from the hypothalamus

<p>also known as the neurohypophysis; it is made up of nervous tissue/neurons and stores and secretes 2 hormones made by the hypothalamus (oxytocin and ADH); it is controlled by action potentials from the hypothalamus</p>
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cAMP signaling mechanism

1. Hormone (first messenger) binds to receptor

2. Receptor activates G protein

3. G protein activates adenylate cyclase

4. Adenylate cyclase converts ATP to cAMP (second messenger)

5. cAMP activates protein kinases that phosphorylate proteins

Mediated by amino-acid based hormones such as epinephrine.

<p>1. Hormone (first messenger) binds to receptor</p><p>2. Receptor activates G protein</p><p>3. G protein activates adenylate cyclase</p><p>4. Adenylate cyclase converts ATP to cAMP (second messenger)</p><p>5. cAMP activates protein kinases that phosphorylate proteins</p><p>Mediated by amino-acid based hormones such as epinephrine.</p>
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Gene Activation Mechanism

Mediated by steroid hormones

Except T3 (triiodothyronine) is amino-acid based hormone but undergoes gene activation instead of cAMP signaling.

<p>Mediated by steroid hormones</p><p>Except T3 (triiodothyronine) is amino-acid based hormone but undergoes gene activation instead of cAMP signaling.</p>
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thyroid gland

produces hormones that regulate metabolism, body heat, and bone growth

Hormones: triiodothyronine (T3)

thyroxine (T4)

calcitonin

<p>produces hormones that regulate metabolism, body heat, and bone growth</p><p>Hormones: triiodothyronine (T3)</p><p>thyroxine (T4)</p><p>calcitonin</p>
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parathyroid gland

parathyroid hormone

<p>parathyroid hormone</p>
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pineal gland

secretes melatonin

<p>secretes melatonin</p>
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pancreas

Regulates the level of sugar in the blood

Secretes: Insulin (from Beta Cells of Islets of Langerhans)

Glucagon (from Alpha cells of Islets of Langerhans)

<p>Regulates the level of sugar in the blood</p><p>Secretes: Insulin (from Beta Cells of Islets of Langerhans)</p><p>Glucagon (from Alpha cells of Islets of Langerhans)</p>
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adrenal gland

A pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones that help arouse the body in times of stress.

Secretes: mineralocorticoids

corticosteroids

gonadocorticoids

epinephrine and norepinephrine

<p>A pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones that help arouse the body in times of stress.</p><p>Secretes: mineralocorticoids</p><p>corticosteroids</p><p>gonadocorticoids</p><p>epinephrine and norepinephrine</p>
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regions of adrenal gland

adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla

<p>adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla</p>
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testes

male gonads

produces testosterone

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ovaries

The female sex glands that store the ova and produce female sex hormones

produces estrogen and progesterone

<p>The female sex glands that store the ova and produce female sex hormones</p><p>produces estrogen and progesterone</p>