HST 102: Western Civilization II Final Exam Review

Comprehensive practice flashcards covering notes for the HST 102 Western Civilization II final exam, including religious history, the Enlightenment, industrialization, ideologies, women's history, imperialism, and the World Wars.

Currently in the United States, about __________ of adults state that they are Christians.

$$63\%$$

The New Testament preaches the __________, a word that means the "good word" of Jesus Christ.

gospel

The period in Europe from the 1500s to 1648, characterized by Catholics and Protestants killing each other over beliefs, is known as the __________.

Wars of Religion

The founding ideals of the United States are described by scholars as __________, which includes representative democracy, individual liberty, and capitalism.

liberal democracy

Thomas Jefferson famously wrote that "all men are created equal" in the __________ of 1776.

Declaration of Independence

The U.S. Constitution (1787) begins with the specific words "__________," which were written by author Gouverneur Morris.

We the People

In the late 1700s, __________ used scientific thinking to improve the steam engine, aiding the first Industrial Revolution.

James Watt

The Second Industrial Revolution gave rise to several inventions, including the telephone in 1876, the airplane in 1903, and the automobile in __________.

$$1886$$

In Karl Marx’s ideology, the __________ refers to the rich people who owned factories and mines, while the workers were called the __________.

bourgeoisie; proletariat

Karl Marx outlined six stages of history, ending with socialism and finally __________.

Communism

Charles Darwin's 1859 book, titled __________, offered evidence that humans evolved from other animals over millions of years.

Origin of Species

The German philosopher __________ asserted that "god is dead" and developed an approach known as perspectivalism.

Friedrich Nietzsche

The historical idea that the "pater" or father was the head of the household and made all decisions for the wife and children is known as __________.

Patriarchy

The legal view held in the 1600s through the 1800s that wives were legally "covered" by the status of their husbands was called __________.

femme couverte

The term __________ refers specifically to the right to vote, such as that gained by U.S. women via the 19th Amendment in 1920.

suffrage

In 1851, __________ famously refused to say the word "obey" in her marriage vow to signify equality with her husband.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Lucretia Mott wrote that in a true marriage, the husband and wife shared __________ in their love, support, and responsibilities.

mutuality

By the 1920s, the __________ was the most powerful in the world, having dominion over roughly 1/5th or $20\%$ of the world’s population.

British Empire

In 1884, the great powers of Europe met at the __________ to divide Africa into regions for European control without consulting the African people.

Berlin conference

King Leopold II of __________ virtually enslaved the people of the Congo and was known for extreme cruelty, including cutting off the hands of workers.

Belgium

The forces of the __________ in WWI included the British, French, and Russians, with the United States joining in 1918.

Triple Entente

The Central Powers in WWI consisted of Germany, the Ottoman Empire, and __________ (though Italy switched sides in 1915).

Austria-Hungary

World War I ended in an __________, which meant both sides stopped fighting at 11 a.m. on November 11th, 1918.

armistice

The spark that started WWI was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by __________, a 19-year-old member of the Black Hand.

Gavrilo Princip

The war on the Western Front during WWI was primarily characterized by __________.

trench warfare

Adolf Hitler published his book and manifesto, __________, in 1925, detailing his hatred of groups like Jewish people, Slavs, and communists.

Mein Kampf

The Prime Minister who led Great Britain against the Nazis during WWII was __________.

Winston Churchill

Japan's attack on the U.S. naval fleet at __________ occurred on December 7, 1941.

Pearl Harbor

During the Holocaust, Hitler and the Nazis killed approximately __________ million Jewish people.

$$6$$

World War II ended in the Pacific after the United States dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of __________ and __________ in August 1945.

Hiroshima; Nagasaki