Vascular Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

Lineage

________- based mechanisms: cell fate determined early in development and passed on to daughter cells (animals)

Intercept light

________, exchange gases, dissipate heat, and defend the plant from herbivores and pathogens.

Cuticle

________: waxy coating that helps prevent water loss from the epidermis (too hot from the sun)

Pneumatophores

________: some can do gas exchange (similar to leaves)

stomatal pore

Each ________ has 2 guard cells to regulate opening and closing.

Gene activation inactivation

________ depends on cell- to- cell communication (hormones and signals)

Apical Meristems

________: located at tips of roots and shoots (up and down)

Vascular bundles

________ are scattered throughout the ground tissue.

Homeotic

________ (Hox) Genes: affect and placement of appendages in embryos.

Xylem

________: conducts water & dissolved minerals upwards from roots to shoots.

Eudicot

________: 2+ things come out of seed.

ABC Hypothesis

________: how floral organ identity genes direct the formation of the four types of floral organs.

Phloem

________: transports sugars from leaves (where they are made) to storage /sites of growth (down)

Sepal

________: supports flower after blooming.

Trichomes

________: outgrowths of the shoot epidermis that can reduce water loss and reflect light, also defend against insects.

Initials

________: stem cells (new cells) that remain in meristem and produce more cells.

Periderm

________: outer layer protective tissues that replace epidermis in older regions of stems and roots.

Meristems

________: unspecialized tissues made of dividing cells.

Mesophyll

________: where photosynthesis occurs; ground tissue of leaf.

Stem

________: plant organ consisting of nodes & internodes.

Apical bud

________: causes elongation of a young shoot.

Metaphase

________: chromosomes line up in middle.

Anaphase

________: chromosomes separated by microtubules.

Polarity

________: condition of having structural /chemical differences at opposite ends of organism.

Epidermis

________ (outer dermal tissue) in leaves interrupted by stomata (pores that allow CO2 and O2 exchange between air and photosynthetic cells)

Lateral Meristems

________: grow sides /in diameter /in width (secondary growth)

Angiosperms

________: plants that make flowers.

Procambium

________: produces vascular tissue.

Organ

________: consists of several type of tissues that carry out particular functions.

Flower Formation

________: phase change from vegetative growth→ reproductive growth.

Petiole

________: stalk that joins leaf to node of stem.

Dermal tissue system

________: protection of the plant, consists of epidermis.

Plant

________ can change form depending on environmental triggers.

Protoderm

________: produces dermal tissue.

Nodes

________: points at which leaves are attached.

Cytokinesis

________: pinching off middle part.

Mycorrhizal associations

________: roots have fungus living in it that help them transform something they can not use into something they can.

Vein

________: the vascular tissue of leaves.

Morphogenesis

________: form body shapes.

Tendrils

________: help anchor it above the ground.

Microtubules

________: pull apart chromosomes; become concentrated into ring called preprophase band that predicts future plane of cell division.

Pith

________: ground tissue inside vascular tissue.

Vascular tissue system

________: facilitates transport of materials through the plant & provides mechanical support.

Guard cells

________: epidermal cells that facilitate gas exchange in shoots.

Cortex

________: ground tissue outside vascular tissue.

tissue system

Ground ________: tissues that are neither dermal nor vascular.

Taproot

________: develops from primary root & anchors plant in soil.

Cell elongation

________: process responsible for increase in plant size.

final position

Position- based mechanisms: cell fate determined by ________ (plants)

stele of root

In angiosperms, ________ is central solid vascular cylinder (in the middle)

Cell

fundamental unit of life

Tissue

group of cells consisting of 1+ cell types that perform a specialized function

Organ

consists of several type of tissues that carry out particular functions

Vascular Plants

plants that can transport things up and down

Root system

underground

Root

organ with important functions

Lateral roots

roots that emerge from the sides

Primary root

first root to emerge from the seed

Taproot System

one main root and branches

Taproot

develops from primary root & anchors plant in soil

Fibrous root system

lots of small roots (no need for strong anchor)

Adventitious roots

side roots that arise from the stem & give rise to branching lateral roots

Root hairs

extensions of epidermal cells forming near root tip

Mycorrhizal associations

roots have fungus living in it that help them transform something they cannot use into something they can

Prop roots

more anchorage

Storage roots

store carbs

Pneumatophores

some can do gas exchange (similar to leaves)

"Strangling" aerial roots

add further anchorage

Buttress roots

very tall and thin roots above ground, typically in forests and jungles (spread far and wide)

Shoot system

above ground

Stem

plant organ consisting of nodes & internodes

Nodes

points at which leaves are attached

Internodes

space between nodes

Apical bud

causes elongation of a young shoot

Axillary bud

structure that can form a lateral branch, thorn, or flower

Leaf

main photosynthetic organ

Blade

flat part

Petiole

stalk that joins leaf to node of stem

Monocot

1 thing comes out of seed

Eudicot

2+ things come out of seed

Vein

the vascular tissue of leaves

Simple leaf

1 leaf

Compound leaf

has several individual leaflets

Tendrils

help anchor it above the ground

Spines

defend

Storage leaves

store carbs

Reproductive leaves

leaves can reproduce

Tissue system

interconnected leaf, stem, and root

Dermal tissue system

protection of the plant, consists of epidermis

Cuticle

waxy coating that helps prevent water loss from the epidermis (too hot from the sun)

Periderm

outer layer protective tissues that replace epidermis in older regions of stems and roots

Guard cells

epidermal cells that facilitate gas exchange in shoots

Trichomes

outgrowths of the shoot epidermis that can reduce water loss and reflect light, also defend against insects

Vascular tissue system

facilitates transport of materials through the plant & provides mechanical support

Xylem

conducts water & dissolved minerals upwards from roots to shoots

Phloem

transports sugars from leaves (where they are made) to storage/sites of growth (down)

Stele

everything except the leaves

Angiosperms

plants that make flowers

Ground tissue system

tissues that are neither dermal nor vascular

Pith

ground tissue inside vascular tissue