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Lineage
________- based mechanisms: cell fate determined early in development and passed on to daughter cells (animals)
Intercept light
________, exchange gases, dissipate heat, and defend the plant from herbivores and pathogens.
Cuticle
________: waxy coating that helps prevent water loss from the epidermis (too hot from the sun)
Pneumatophores
________: some can do gas exchange (similar to leaves)
stomatal pore
Each ________ has 2 guard cells to regulate opening and closing.
Gene activation inactivation
________ depends on cell- to- cell communication (hormones and signals)
Apical Meristems
________: located at tips of roots and shoots (up and down)
Vascular bundles
________ are scattered throughout the ground tissue.
Homeotic
________ (Hox) Genes: affect and placement of appendages in embryos.
Xylem
________: conducts water & dissolved minerals upwards from roots to shoots.
Eudicot
________: 2+ things come out of seed.
ABC Hypothesis
________: how floral organ identity genes direct the formation of the four types of floral organs.
Phloem
________: transports sugars from leaves (where they are made) to storage /sites of growth (down)
Sepal
________: supports flower after blooming.
Trichomes
________: outgrowths of the shoot epidermis that can reduce water loss and reflect light, also defend against insects.
Initials
________: stem cells (new cells) that remain in meristem and produce more cells.
Periderm
________: outer layer protective tissues that replace epidermis in older regions of stems and roots.
Meristems
________: unspecialized tissues made of dividing cells.
Mesophyll
________: where photosynthesis occurs; ground tissue of leaf.
Stem
________: plant organ consisting of nodes & internodes.
Apical bud
________: causes elongation of a young shoot.
Metaphase
________: chromosomes line up in middle.
Anaphase
________: chromosomes separated by microtubules.
Polarity
________: condition of having structural /chemical differences at opposite ends of organism.
Epidermis
________ (outer dermal tissue) in leaves interrupted by stomata (pores that allow CO2 and O2 exchange between air and photosynthetic cells)
Lateral Meristems
________: grow sides /in diameter /in width (secondary growth)
Angiosperms
________: plants that make flowers.
Procambium
________: produces vascular tissue.
Organ
________: consists of several type of tissues that carry out particular functions.
Flower Formation
________: phase change from vegetative growth→ reproductive growth.
Petiole
________: stalk that joins leaf to node of stem.
Dermal tissue system
________: protection of the plant, consists of epidermis.
Plant
________ can change form depending on environmental triggers.
Protoderm
________: produces dermal tissue.
Nodes
________: points at which leaves are attached.
Cytokinesis
________: pinching off middle part.
Mycorrhizal associations
________: roots have fungus living in it that help them transform something they can not use into something they can.
Vein
________: the vascular tissue of leaves.
Morphogenesis
________: form body shapes.
Tendrils
________: help anchor it above the ground.
Microtubules
________: pull apart chromosomes; become concentrated into ring called preprophase band that predicts future plane of cell division.
Pith
________: ground tissue inside vascular tissue.
Vascular tissue system
________: facilitates transport of materials through the plant & provides mechanical support.
Guard cells
________: epidermal cells that facilitate gas exchange in shoots.
Cortex
________: ground tissue outside vascular tissue.
tissue system
Ground ________: tissues that are neither dermal nor vascular.
Taproot
________: develops from primary root & anchors plant in soil.
Cell elongation
________: process responsible for increase in plant size.
final position
Position- based mechanisms: cell fate determined by ________ (plants)
stele of root
In angiosperms, ________ is central solid vascular cylinder (in the middle)
Cell
fundamental unit of life
Tissue
group of cells consisting of 1+ cell types that perform a specialized function
Organ
consists of several type of tissues that carry out particular functions
Vascular Plants
plants that can transport things up and down
Root system
underground
Root
organ with important functions
Lateral roots
roots that emerge from the sides
Primary root
first root to emerge from the seed
Taproot System
one main root and branches
Taproot
develops from primary root & anchors plant in soil
Fibrous root system
lots of small roots (no need for strong anchor)
Adventitious roots
side roots that arise from the stem & give rise to branching lateral roots
Root hairs
extensions of epidermal cells forming near root tip
Mycorrhizal associations
roots have fungus living in it that help them transform something they cannot use into something they can
Prop roots
more anchorage
Storage roots
store carbs
Pneumatophores
some can do gas exchange (similar to leaves)
"Strangling" aerial roots
add further anchorage
Buttress roots
very tall and thin roots above ground, typically in forests and jungles (spread far and wide)
Shoot system
above ground
Stem
plant organ consisting of nodes & internodes
Nodes
points at which leaves are attached
Internodes
space between nodes
Apical bud
causes elongation of a young shoot
Axillary bud
structure that can form a lateral branch, thorn, or flower
Leaf
main photosynthetic organ
Blade
flat part
Petiole
stalk that joins leaf to node of stem
Monocot
1 thing comes out of seed
Eudicot
2+ things come out of seed
Vein
the vascular tissue of leaves
Simple leaf
1 leaf
Compound leaf
has several individual leaflets
Tendrils
help anchor it above the ground
Spines
defend
Storage leaves
store carbs
Reproductive leaves
leaves can reproduce
Tissue system
interconnected leaf, stem, and root
Dermal tissue system
protection of the plant, consists of epidermis
Cuticle
waxy coating that helps prevent water loss from the epidermis (too hot from the sun)
Periderm
outer layer protective tissues that replace epidermis in older regions of stems and roots
Guard cells
epidermal cells that facilitate gas exchange in shoots
Trichomes
outgrowths of the shoot epidermis that can reduce water loss and reflect light, also defend against insects
Vascular tissue system
facilitates transport of materials through the plant & provides mechanical support
Xylem
conducts water & dissolved minerals upwards from roots to shoots
Phloem
transports sugars from leaves (where they are made) to storage/sites of growth (down)
Stele
everything except the leaves
Angiosperms
plants that make flowers
Ground tissue system
tissues that are neither dermal nor vascular
Pith
ground tissue inside vascular tissue
Note 
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