Bio 101 Unit 2

DNA

Unique genetic material that can be extracted from biological materials, crucial for crime solving and genetic testing.

Double Helix

The structure of DNA, composed of nucleotide pairs (A-T, C-G) connected by hydrogen bonds.

Biotechnology

The modification of genetic material for new functions, with applications in medicine, agriculture, and industry.

Gel Electrophoresis

A technique used for DNA analysis by separating DNA fragments based on size.

PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)

A method used to amplify DNA, making it easier to study.

Molecular Cloning

A process that allows for the copying of genes.

Reproductive Cloning

The creation of genetically identical organisms, exemplified by Dolly the sheep.

Gene Therapy

A treatment that introduces non-mutated genes to address genetic diseases, still largely experimental.

Genomics

The study of entire genomes, aiding in disease identification and agricultural improvements.

Proteomics

The examination of protein functions and their roles in biological processes.

Pardis Sabeti

A researcher focused on genetic resistance to Lassa fever.

Jay Keasling

A scientist developing microbes for drug and biofuel production from plant sugars.

Karen Nelson

A researcher studying human microbiomes and their health implications.

Rob Frehley

A scientist working on drought-resistant crops through genetic engineering.

Genetic Uniqueness

The concept that each individual's DNA is unique, important for identity and forensic science.

Biotechnology's Impact on Health

The significant implications of biotechnology advancements for medicine and disease prevention.

Ethical Considerations

The moral questions surrounding cloning and genetic modification regarding identity and ecological impacts.

Interconnectedness of Life

The idea that all living organisms share a universal genetic code, highlighting their relationships.

Innovation and Sustainability

The role of biotechnology in providing solutions for sustainable agriculture and renewable energy.

Mutualism

A species interaction where both species benefit, such as termites and microorganisms.

Predation

An interaction where one species consumes another for energy, exemplified by lynx and snowshoe hare cycles.

Competition

The struggle between species for resources, governed by the competitive exclusion principle.

Commensalism

A relationship where one species benefits while the other is unaffected, like birds nesting in trees.

Parasitism

An interaction where one species benefits at the expense of another, such as tapeworms in humans.

Angiosperms

Flowering plants whose primary reproductive structure is the flower.

Pollination

The transfer of pollen from anther to stigma, crucial for fertilization.

Germination

The process where seeds develop into new plants, starting with the emergence of the radical (root).

Pollinators

Animals that transfer pollen, including bees, butterflies, and birds.

Trophic Cascade

An ecological process where top predators influence lower trophic levels, such as wolves affecting deer populations.

Climate Change

Long-term alterations in climate patterns, significantly influenced by human activities.

Water Cycle

The continuous movement of water through evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and runoff.

Carbon Cycle

The process of carbon exchange in nature, essential for life and energy sources.

Greenhouse Effect

The trapping of heat in the atmosphere, beneficial for life but enhanced by human activities.

Climate vs

Climate refers to long-term atmospheric conditions, while weather pertains to short-term conditions.

Global Warming

The increase in Earth's average temperature, a component of climate change.

Evidence of Climate Change

Indicators such as Antarctic ice cores and rising CO2 levels since 1950.

Sea Level Rise

A consequence of climate change due to melting ice sheets, threatening coastal communities.