Info tech chapter 7

Knowledge Management (KM)

A range of practices concerned with increasing awareness, fostering learning, speeding collaboration and innovation, and exchanging insights.

Explicit Knowledge

Knowledge that is documented, stored, and codified

Tacit Knowledge

Know-how that someone has developed from personal experience

Goal of KM

To capture and document tacit knowledge and turn into explicit knowledge

2 Processes to turn tacit knowledge into explicit knowledge

Shadowing and Joint Problem Solving

Shadowing

Novice observing expert executing their job to learn how they perform

Joint Problem Solving

Novice and expert working together on a project so that the expert's approach is slowly revealed to the novice

KM Benefits and Application

-Foster Innovation
-Leverage expertise
-Capture Expertise before they retire

Foster Innovation

By encouraging free flow of ideas among employees, contractors, suppliers, and other business partners

Leverage expertise

Critical employees share and build on one another's experience and expertise

-New employees are able to get up to speed quicker

-Prevented from repeating mistakes of their seniors

-An get help facing new challenges

Capture Expertise before they retire

Problem with losing Knowledge

-3-4 million employees retire each year for the next 20 years

-Lost knowledge can result in huge loss of productivity

-New Hampshire developed KM and transfer model

Best practices to sell and implementing a KM project

1. Connect KM effort to org goals and objectives (elicit support)

2. Start w/ small pilot involving enthusiasts (improve odds of success)

3. Identify valuable tacit knowledge (Priority)

4. Get employees to buy in (Get employees to surrender their knowledge)

Communities of Practice (CoP)

Group whose members share a common set of goals and interests regularly engage in sharing and learning as they strive to meet those goals

-Way of developing new knowledge, stimulating innovation, or sharing existing tacit knowledge within an org.

Organizational Network Analysis (ONA)

A technique used for documenting and measuring flows of information among individuals, workgroups, organizations, computers, Web sites, and other information sources.

ONA applications

-Mapping knowledge flows, and identifying knowledge gaps within org to establish collaborative networks.

-Identifying subject experts and set up way to pas their knowledge on to others

Metadata

Data that describes other data

ex: Social Media Authors (sez, age, interests, political viewpoints, ideological beliefs, and degree of influence on the audience)

-W/o it is impossible to know the value of the communications and how to take effective action

Web 2.0

Changes in technology and websites design to enhance info sharing, collab, and functionality on the web

Business Rules Management Systems (BRMS)

Software used to define, execute, monitor, and maintain the decision logic that is used by the operational systems and processes that run the organization

BRMS components

-A business rule engine that determines which rules need to be executed and in what order
-An enterprise rules repository for storing all rules
-Software to manage the various versions of rules as they are modified
-Additional software for reporting and multiplatform deployment

Enterprise Search

The application of search technology to find information within an organization.

Enterprise Search Software

Software that matches a user's query to many sources of information to identify the most important content and the most reliable and relevant source.

-Indexes documents from various sources to present during a search

-Enforce corporate guidelines

-Must be able to implement access controls so users are restrict to viewing only what they are authorized to

Electronic Discovery

Any process in which electronic data is sought, located, secured, and searched with the intent of using it as evidence in a civil or criminal legal case.

Predictive Coding

Computer algorithms rather than full manual review to determine the relevance of e-documents in a lawsuit

Artificial Intelligence

The ability to mimic or duplicate the functions of the human brain.

Artificial Intelligence Systems

The people, procedures, hardware, software, data, and knowledge needed to develop computer systems and machines that can simulate human intelligence processes
(learning, reasoning, self-correction )

Intelligent Behavior

The ability to
-learn from experiences and apply knowledge acquired from those experiences
-to handle complex situations
-to solve problems when important information is missing
-to determine what is important and to react quickly and correctly to a new situation
-to understand visual images, process and manipulate symbols, be creative and imaginative
-to use heuristics.

Turing Test

attempts to determine whether a computer can successfully impersonate a human

Brain Computer Interface

Directly conned human brain to computer so that human thought can control activities of the computer

Expert Systems

Consists of hardware and software that stores knowledge and makes interfaces enabling a novice to perform at the level of an expert

• Only be developed when there is a high potential payoff

Components of Expert Systems

knowledge base, inference engine, explanation facility, knowledge base acquisition facility, user interface

knowledge base

Stores all relevant info, data, rules, cases and relationships ES uses
Rules and IF-THEN statements

Rules

Condition statements that links conditions to actions or outcomes

IF- THEN statement

Rules that suggest certain conditions

Explanation facility

allows an expert system user to understand how the system arrived at its results

Interface Engine

Part of ES that seeks info and relationships from the knowledge base and provides answers, predictions, and suggestions

Knowledge Base Acquisition Facility

Part of expert system that provides a convenient and efficient means of capturing and storing all the components of the knowledge base

User Interface

Main purpose is to make Expert System easier for users to develop and use

Participants in developing and using Expert Systems

Domain expert, knowledge engineer and knowledge user

Domain expert

the person or group with the expertise or knowledge the expert system is trying to capture

Knowledge engineer

A person who has training or experience in the design, development, implementation, and maintenance of an expert system.

Knowledge user

The person or group who uses and benefits from the expert system.

Expert System Shells

Suit of software that allows construction of a knowledge base and interaction with this knowledge base through an inference engine

Robotics

A branch of engineering that involves the development and manufacture of mechanical or computer devices that can perform tasks that require a high degree of precision or that are tedious or hazardous for human beings

Vision Systems

The hardware and software that permit computers to capture, store, and manipulate visual images.

Natural Language Processing

An aspect of artificial intelligence that involves technology that allows computers to understand, analyze, manipulate, and/or generate "natural" languages, such as English.
(voice recognition)

Learning Systems

A combination of software and hardware that allows a computer to change how it functions or how it reacts to situations based on feedback it receives.

Neural Networks

Computer system that can recognize and act on patterns or trends in detect in large sets of data

Genetic Algorithms

approach to solving problems based on the theory of evolution; uses the concept of survival of the fittest as a problem-solving strategy

Intelligent Agent

Programs and a knowledge base used to perform a specific task for a person, a process, or another program; also called an intelligent robot or bot.

Multimedia

Content that uses more than one form of communication

Text and Graphs

developed reports, financial statements, advertising pieces, etc.. for internal and external use

Audio

Stored in file formats including AAC AIFF ALAC FLAC MIDI MP3 WAV

File conversion and compression

To edit and process analog and older digital formats, the content must be converted into a newer digital format

Virtual reality system

enables one or more users to move and react in a computer-simulated environment

Interface devices for Virtual Reality

-Head-mounted display

Forms of VR

-Immersive
-Not fully immersive
-Augmented reality

VR applications

Medicine

• Training children with autism

• Training medical students with simulated surgery

Education and training

• Virtual reality and game-based learning and training systems

• Immersive Education Initiative (IEI) - nonprofit partnership of colleges, companies, research institutes, and universities

• Google's Expeditions Pioneer Program (a pilot immersive education initiative)

Business and commerce

• Virtual building tours

• Training employees
  Example: holoportation (a new way of communicating)

Assistive tech system

wide range of assistive, adaptive, and rehabilitative devices to help ppl w disabilities perform tasks that they were formerly unable to accomplish

Game theory

A mathematical theory for developing strategies that maximize gains and minimize losses while adhering to a given set of rules and constraints.

Informatics

The combination of information technology with traditional disciplines such as medicine or science while considering the impact on individuals, organizations, and society.