History Final Cram

Toussaint Louverture

Former enslaved person who led the Haitian Revolution and helped defeat European armies.

Jean-Jacques Dessalines

Declared Haiti's independence in 1804.

Why did the Haitian Revolution succeed?

United enslaved population, strong leadership, French distractions, yellow fever, revolutionary ideals.

Why did Haiti struggle after independence?

Reparations, international isolation, agricultural dependence, political instability.

White Man's Burden

Belief that Europeans had a duty to "civilize" other peoples.

Social Darwinism

Misuse of evolution to justify imperialism and inequality.

Leopold II

Belgian king who brutally exploited the Congo.

Why did industrialization flourish in Britain?

Coal and iron, investment capital, political stability, colonial markets.

Consequences of industrialization

Child labor, pollution, unsafe conditions, overcrowding.

Motives for imperialism

Economic gain, political power, nationalism, missionary efforts.

MAIN Causes of WWI

Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism, Assassination.

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

His assassination triggered WWI.

Triple Entente/Allies

Britain, France, Russia.

Central Powers

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire.

Schlieffen Plan

Germany's plan to quickly defeat France.

Zimmermann Telegram

German proposal encouraging Mexico to attack the U.S.

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

Germany attacked ships without warning.

Why did the U.S. enter WWI?

Unrestricted submarine warfare, Zimmermann Telegram, economic ties.

14 Points

Wilson's plan for peace and self-determination.

League of Nations

Organization created to prevent future wars.

War Guilt Clause

Germany accepted blame for WWI.

Goals at Versailles

France punished Germany; Britain sought balance; U.S. wanted peace; Italy wanted territory.

Vladimir Lenin

Leader of the Bolshevik Revolution.

Joseph Stalin

Soviet dictator who succeeded Lenin.

Bolshevik Party

Lenin's communist party.

Causes of the Russian Revolution

Poverty, food shortages, WWI losses, weak leadership.

"Peace, Land, Bread"

Lenin's slogan promising reform.

Five-Year Plans

Stalin's industrialization programs.

Collectivization

Forced consolidation of farms.

Holodomor

Ukrainian famine linked to Stalin's policies.

Stalin vs. Lenin

Stalin ruled more harshly using terror and forced policies.

Benito Mussolini

Fascist dictator of Italy.

Adolf Hitler

Nazi dictator of Germany.

Three components of fascism

Authoritarian leader, extreme nationalism, suppression of opposition.

Nuremberg Laws

Anti-Jewish laws stripping rights.

Kristallnacht

Violent anti-Jewish attacks in 1938.

Lebensraum

"Living space" sought by Nazi Germany.

Why did fascism grow?

Economic instability, resentment after WWI, nationalism, fear of communism.

Munich Agreement

Appeasement allowing Hitler to take territory.

Non-Aggression Pact

Germany and USSR agreed not to attack each other.

Invasion of Poland

Event that began WWII in Europe.

Pearl Harbor

Japanese attack that brought the U.S. into WWII.

Battle of Midway

Major turning point in the Pacific.

Battle of Stalingrad

Major turning point in Europe.

D-Day/Normandy Landings

Allied invasion of Nazi-occupied France.

Island Hopping

U.S. strategy in the Pacific.

Iwo Jima and Okinawa

Demonstrated how costly invading Japan would be.

Manhattan Project

Secret program that developed atomic bombs.

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Atomic bombings that led to Japan's surrender.

Why did the Allies win?

Greater resources, industrial capacity, manpower, key victories, cooperation.

Why was WWII total war?

Entire societies mobilized and civilians became targets.

Final Solution

Nazi Plan to get rid of all Jews

Auschwitz

Largest Nazi concentration and extermination camp.

Warsaw Ghetto Uprising

Jewish resistance against Nazi oppression.

Oskar Schindler

Saved over 1,000 Jewish lives.

Stanley Milgram

Studied obedience to authority.

Bystander

Witness who does not act.

Perpetrator

Person who commits harmful acts.

Rescuer

Person who helps victims despite risks.

Containment

U.S. policy of preventing the spread of communism.

Truman Doctrine

U.S. aid to countries resisting communism.

Marshall Plan

Economic aid rebuilding Europe.

Berlin Airlift

Western effort supplying West Berlin.

NATO vs. Warsaw Pact

Western alliance vs. Soviet alliance.

Cuban Missile Crisis

Closest the Cold War came to nuclear war.

Glasnost

Gorbachev's policy of openness.

Berlin Wall

Symbol of Cold War division.

Why did the Soviet Union collapse?

Economic problems, Afghanistan, Chernobyl, nationalism, Gorbachev's reforms.

Impact of the Berlin Wall

Symbolized Cold War division and later reunification.

How did industrialization contribute to climate change?

Fossil fuels, pollution, deforestation, greenhouse gases.

Ways to combat climate change

Renewable energy, public transportation, protecting forests.