Final A & P revision

Triangularis muscle (depressor anguli oris)

This muscle is located at the corners of the mouth and pulls the mouth down (frowning).

ischium

This bone is located in the posterior-inferior (lower and back) portion of the hip bone. Along with the ilium and pubis, it forms the pelvic girdle.

anagen

active growing phase

catagen

short transition phaset

telogen

resting / shedding phase

biscupid valve

this valve is located between the left atrium and left ventricle in the heart

polysaccharides

Complex carbohydrates made of many glucose units (e.g. starch, glycogen); used for energy storage.

trapezius

Upper back and neck muscle that moves shoulders and head.

pulmonary fibrosis

Condition where lung tissue becomes thick and scarred, reducing oxygen exchange and causing breathlessness.

Coopers’ ligament

are fibrous connective tissue bands primarily found in the breasts. They act as internal structural supports that suspend the breast tissue from the chest wall, maintaining its natural shape and preventing sagging

uraemia

Build-up of urea and toxins in the blood due to kidney failure; part of the urinary system.

Radiocarpal joint (wrist joint)

A synovial hinge (ellipsoid aka condyloid) joint example.

buccal nodes (also known as buccinator nodes)

these nodes are located directly on the cheeks, immediately superficial to the buccinator muscle. They sit along the facial vein and artery, generally positioned opposite the angle of the mouth

mast cells

They are immune cells, are widely distributed throughout the body but are most concentrated in barrier tissues near blood vessels, nerves, and smooth muscle. Upon activation (such as by an allergen, pathogen, or injury), release ("degranulate") stored inflammatory mediators things like histamine, heparin and proteases.

carotid artery

this is artery is located in the neck; supplies blood to the brain.
Pressure can reduce brain blood flow → dizziness/fainting.

portal circulation

Blood from digestive organs (stomach, intestines, pancreas, spleen) is carried to the liver via the hepatic portal vein.
The liver processes nutrients and removes toxins before blood enters general circulation.

dyspepsia

Indigestion; causes discomfort, bloating, or pain in the upper abdomen, often after eating.

prostate

Produces alkaline fluid that nourishes and protects sperm in semen.

Menier’s disease

Inner ear disorder causing vertigo, hearing loss, tinnitus, and balance problems.

saggital plane

divides body into left and right sides

transverse plane

divides body into upper and lower halves

diabetes mellitus

Condition where blood glucose is too high due to lack of insulin or insulin resistance.
Can lead to complications like nerve damage, kidney disease, and vision problems or even needing to pee more.

hypothalamus

Brain structure that regulates thirst, body temperature, hunger, and hormones.

schwann cell

Produces the myelin sheath around peripheral nerves to speed up nerve impulses.

neurilemma

Outer layer of schwann cell, which helps repair nerves.

choroid

Middle layer of the eye; rich in blood vessels and supplies nutrients to the retina.

Procerus muscle

Muscle over the bridge of the nose; pulls the skin downward to form wrinkles (frowning).

function of the nervous system

Detects stimuli, processes information, and controls body responses (movement, organs, reflexes).

Tinea

an example of a fungal infection

Leukonychia:

White spots on the nail

meissner’s corpuscles

sensory nerve endings found in the papillary layer of the dermis

colostrum

first milk produced by breasts that is thick / dense

thyroid gland

hahimotos disease is an autoimmune disorder that affect what gland

thalassemia

this disorder causes the body to make less haemoglobin than usual

fibromyalgia

this disorder causes widespread body pain

rotation

a pivot joint provides what type of motion

produce proteins

this is the function of ribosomes

small intestine

the jejenum forms part of what structure

dilate pupils

what is a function of the sympathetic nervous system?

thoracic duct

this is the largest lymph vessel

collects deoxygenated blood from the body and empties into the right atrium of heart

what is the function of the superior vena cava

kidneys

renal arteries supply which organ with blood and oxygen

true

veins contain valves to prevent backflow

flexor digitorum longus

this muscle flexes and inverts the foot

periosteum

is connective sheath that covers bones

eccrine gland

this gland secretes sweat