PATHO exam 3 overview

critical event in determining if an injured neuronal cell will die or recover is the

degree of intracellular calcium overload

the earliest indicator of compromised neurologic functioning is

change in the level of consciousness

a decrease in the size of the cerebral ventricles on CT scan is indicative of

increased ICP

characteristics of epidural hematoma include

lucid interval immediately after injury then rapid decrease in LOC

most common cause of stroke

thrombosis

a patient has a tonic-clonic seizure; what type of seizure did the patient experience

grandmal

neural thread proteins & amyloid plaque formation are characteristic pathologic findings in

alzheimer disease

a patient has hydrocephalus from inability to absorb fluid from the subarachnoid space; what type of hydrocephalus is it

communicating type

an elderly has gradual loss of peripheral vision that has resulted in tunnel vision aka

glaucoma

surgical removal of the lens of the eyes is the treatment for

cataracts

the leading cause of irreversible loss of vision in the elderly

age-related macular degeneration (AMD)

parkinson disease is associated with

a deficiency of dopamine in the substantia nigra

bell’s palsy is

paralysis of the muscles innervated by the facial nerve

anterolateral (spinothalamic) tract

transmit pain, itch, temperature

occipital lobe

site of primary visual cortex

parietal lobe

site of primary somatosensory cortex

frontal lobe

site of primary motor cortex

thalamus

relay center of the brain

microglia

macrophage of CNS

choroid ependymal cells

cells that produce CSF

astrocytes

help maintain blood-brain-barrier (BBB)

the brain & spinal cord is located in which nervous system

CNS

what does the ANS contain

parasympathetic branches

what protects the CNS

• CSF

• meninges

• BBB

• bony structures of the skull

layers of the meninges

• dura mater

• arachnoid mater

• pia mater (P-brain = closest to brain)

which ventricle allows for the flow of CSF

4th

at what age is the BBB more permeable to substances

< 6 months

safest place to do a lumber puncture

L4-L5

what supplies blood to the brain

• internal carotid arteries

• vertebral artery

what cells make the myelin sheath in PNS

schwann cells

what connects the posterior & anterior circulation of the brain

circle of willis

monroe-kellie hypothesis

increase in brain tissue = decrease in CSF = decrease in blood

ischemia & hypoxia occur

together

clinical manifestations for ICP

• headache

• drowsiness

• blurry vision

• edema of the optic disk

most sensitive indicator of altered brain function

change in LOC

which motor neurons cause contraction of muscle fibers w/ in the muscle spindle

gamma

what is required for motor function to occur

• basal ganglia

• cortex

what findings from a brain biopsy indicate alzheimer dx

• amyloid plaque

• neurofibrillary tangles

which disorder exhibits gait instability, urinary incontinence, & dementia

normal pressure hydrocephalus

what type of medicine is used to help people w/ mild to moderate alzheimer

acetylcholinesterase inibitors

5th leading cause of death in the US

stroke

most common cause(s) of subarachnoid hemorrhage

• cerebral aneurysms

• arteriovenous malformations

what condition is fixed using concave lenses

myopia

50 yr old patient comes in w/ worsening vision, night glare, & altered color perception; what is the diagnosis

cataract

clinical manifestations for bell’s palsy

• unilateral face weakness

• decreased lacrimation

• facial droop

• diminished eye blink

the body’s response to initial injury may cause more harm than the

initial injury

the space that contains CSF

subarachnoid

the result of hyperpolarization of postsynaptic membrane

IPSP (i-hyper)

cranial nerve 2

optic

a bundle of axons is aka

tract

insulating lipid material that surrounds axons

myelin

the result of depolarization of postsynaptic membrane

EPSP (dEp)

neuron extension that carries impulses away from the cell body

axon

composed of the midbrain, pons, & medulla oblongata

brainstem

neuron extension that carries impulses toward the cell body

dendrite

protective membranes surrounding the brain & spinal cord

meninges

frontal lobe is responsible for

• goal-oriented behavior

• decision-making

precentral gyrus/primary motor cortex is responsible for

voluntary motor movement

postcentral gyrus/parietal lobe/primary somatosensory cortex is responsible for

touch & other sensations

occipital lobe is responsible for

vision

cerebellum is is responsible for

motor coordination

temporal lobe is is responsible for

hearing

broca’s area is is responsible for

speech

the brain’s normal response to an increase in metabolism is

vasodilation

patients who experience (transient ischemic attack) TIA are at increased risk for

hemorrhagic stroke

significant risk factor for the development of embolic stroke

atrial fibrillation

the excitatory amino acid that can have neurotoxic effects on neurons when it is in the synapse after injury

glutamate

most severe head injuries are incurred in

motor vehicle accidents

subarachnoid hemorrhage is most commonly a consequence of

cerebral aneurysm rupture

clinical manifestation of seizures depend on

• epileptogenic focus

• part of brain involved

• areas of the brain recruited

medications that might be appropriate to manage the symptoms of parkinson disease

• acetylcholine antagonist

• L-Dopa

• monoamine oxidase inhibitors

both multiple sclerosis & gullain-barre syndrome are

demyelinated diseases

characteristics of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

• progressive degenerative disease

• affects upper motor neurons

• affects lower motor neurons

a patient who experiences lower extremity weakness but has normal sensation is likely to have

guillain-barre syndrome

the most common cause of decreased vision in children

amblyopia

when eye is elongated the resulting image focuses in

front of the retina

loss of the ability to accommodate

presbyopia

associated w/ the development of retinopathy

hypertension (HTN)

an irregular curvature of the cornea or lens

astigmatism

acute eye pain

closed-angle glaucoma

most of all glaucoma

open-angle glaucoma

bilateral progressive eye disorder with central vision loss

age-related macular degeneration (AMD)

vitreous humor shrinkage

rhegmatogenous retinal detachment

peripheral vision

rod photoreceptors

stimulated by relatively high-intensity light

cone photoreceptors