DAT biology - Diversity of Life
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276 Terms
Taxonomy
the science of classifying organisms
Mnemonic to remember taxonomy
Dear king phillip came over for great sex
Domains
The broadest classification of living organisms
What seperates archea and eubacteria from eukarya
Eubacteria have membrane bound organelles
Archaea
Single celled prokaryotes, diverged alongside eukarya
Eubacteria
Single celled prokaryotes, diverged alongside archea
Eukarya
Can be single or multicellular, contain membrane-bound organelles
What are the three domains
archea, eubacteria, and eukarya
Kingdoms
The second broadest classification of living organisms
how much kingdoms are there
6
mnemonic to remember the six kingdoms
APE FAP
Six kingdoms
animalia, protista, eubracteria, fungi, archea, plantae
Kingdom monera
outdated classification that grouped archea and eubacteria togehter due to their lack of membrane bound organelles
prokaryotes
Organisms that do not have membrane bound organelles
where is genetic material stored in prokaryotes
in the nucleoid
What can prokaryotes be
Either archea or eubacteria
Are ribosomes membrane bound organelles
no
What is more related to archea
eukarya
What does the cell wall look like in archaea
they lack peptidoglycan and have ether linkages
What does the cell wall look like in eubacteria
peptidoglycan, with ester linkages
What has ester linkages in the cell wall
eubacteria
What has ether linkages in the cell wall
archea
what cell walls contian peptidoglycan
eubacteria
what cell walls lack peptidoglycan
archaea
What ribosomes do archea and eubacteria have
70S
What DNA organizations do archea have
Circular with introns and histones
What DNA organizations do eubactarea have
circular
between archea and eubacteria, which one has introns and histones in DNA organization
archaea
What structural features do archea and eubacteria have
a flagella (tail made of tubulin) and Pili
What reproduction do archea and eubacteria perform
binary fission
Between eukaryotes and prokaryotes, which membrane contains steroids
eukaryotes
What are steroids
lipids with four hydrocarbon rings including steroid hormones
Endospores
a nonreproductive, non ubiquitous protective structure that can preserve genetic material during times of stress
Where are endospores found in
Prokaryotes
When is an endospore formed
during times of stress
Extremophiles
organisms, often archea able to thrive in extreme environments, where others would not survive
What are environmental extremes
Heat, cold, water availability, salt, PH
What makes up peptidoglycan
Sugars and amino acids
What is peptidoglycan
a large mesh like structure made of gucose and amino acids that forms the cell wall of eubacteria
capsule
A protective coating that surrounds the cell wall
What surrounds the cell wall in eubacteria
the capsule
what does the capsule do
it acts as a virulence factor that prevents dessication
to what level do bacteria have capsules
all of them do
to what level do bacteria have Peptidoglycan
they have it in varying levels
gram staining
staining method used to differentiate bacteria based on cell walls
What does gram staining differntiate bacteria based on
Cell walls
How thick is the peptidoglycan layer of gram positive bacteria
thick
what color do gram positive bacteria stain
dark purple
Do gram positive bacteria have an outer membrane
no
What does the periplasm of gram positive bacteria look like
very minor
periplasm
a space between the cell wall and cell membrane of bacteria
do gram positive bacteria contain liposaccarides
no
do gram positive bacteria secrete exotoxins
yes
do gram positive bacteria contain techoic acids
yes
techoic acids
polysachharides that connects the peptidoglycan layer to the plasma membane
What is the purpose of techoic acids
to provide structure and support
what are exotoxins
toxic proteins released by gram positive and negative bacteria
Gram possitive bacteria
PPT
Purple
peptidoglycan
techoic acid
what does the peptido glycan layer in gram negative bacteria look like
thin
what colorr do gram negative bacteria stain
pink
What does the periplasm look like in gram negative bacteria
between both the inner and outer layers
Are liposaccharides present in gram negative bacteria
yes
So gram negative bacteria secrete exotoxins
yes
Do gram negative bacteria contain teichoic acids
no
What type of membrane do gram negative bacteria have
double, with pepidtoglycan layer in the middle, covered by periplasm
What kind of toxin are lipopolysaccharides
endotoxins
Lipopolysaccharides
endotoxins released by gram negative bacteria only
What is released when gram negative bacteria are destroyed
lipopolysaccharides
Gram negative bacteria mnemonic
LONG
Lipopolysaccharides
outer membrane
negative
gram
Prokaryotes vs eukaryotes
prokaryotes: Organisms without membrane bound organelles
eukaryotes: Organisms with membrane bound organelles
which one is bigger, prokaryotes or eukaryotes
eukaryotes
Are cell walls present in prokaryotes
yes
Are cell walls present in eukaryotes
yes, but only in plants, protists and fungi
what has steroids in the membrane, prokaryotes or eukaryotes
eukaryotes
Where is the chromosome located in prokaryotes
the nucleoid region
Where is the chromosome located in eukaryotes
the nucleus
Where are histones and introns in eubacteria
not present
Where are histones and introns in archea
present
Where are histones and introns in eukaryotes
present
how frequent do plasmids appear in eubacteria
Frequently
how frequent do plasmids appear in eubacteria
sometimes
how frequent do plasmids appear in archea
sometimes
how frequent do plasmids appear in eukaryotes
rarely
How many origins of replication are there in archea, eubacteria, and eukaryotes
archea and eukaryotes: many
eubacteria : one
whats the speed of DNA replication in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, repectively
prokaryotes: fast
eukaryotes: slow
What kind of ribosome do prokaryotes have
70S, contianing a 50S and 30S subunit
What kind of ribosome do eukaryotes have
80s, contianing a 60S and 40S subunit
When does transcription and translation occur in prokaryotes
they occur simultaneously in cytoplasms
When does transcription and translation occur in eukaryotes
transcription occurs first in the nucleus
translation occurs second in the cytpolasm
Where do post transcriptional modification occur
in eukaryotes
What is the length of the cell cycle of prokaryotes and eukaryotes
prokaryotes: short
eukaryotes: long
Are cillia present in prokaryotes
yes
Are flagella present in prokaryotes
yes
Are cillia present in eukaryotes
no
Are Fflagella present in eukaryotes
yes
What are cillia and flagella used made of
tubulin
Where does glycolysis occur in Prokaryotes
the cytosol
Where does glycolysis occur in eukaryotes
the cytosol
Where does Pyruvate oxidation occur in Prokaryotes
the cytosol
Where does Pyruvate oxidation occur in eukaryotes
the mitochondrial matrix
