Biology Year 11 Term 1

Module 1

Do prokaryotes have membrane bound organelles?

No, but they still have organelles

Do eukaryotes have membrane bound organelles?

Yes

What are the two 'groups/types' of organisms that are prokaryotes?

Bacteria and Archaea

What are the four 'groups/types' of organisms that are eukaryotes?

Protists, Fungi, Animals and Plants

What is the powerhouse of the cell?

Mitochondria

What two organelles are responsible for storing genetic information (one membrane bound one not)

Nucleus and Nucleoid

What two organelles are responsible for the production/management of energy?

Mitochondria and chloroplast

What three organelles are responsible for the structure of the cell?

Cytoplasm, Cell Wall, and Cell/plasma membrane

What two organelles are responsible for protein synthesis and the production of proteins?

Ribosomes and Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

What two organelles are responsible for complex molecule production?

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus

What two organelles are responsible for storage?

Vacuole and Lysosome

What three organelles are responsible for cell movemement?

Flagella, Plasmid and Cilia

What two organelles are responsible for being adhesive and 'sticking to stuff"?

Pili and Fimbriae

Are prokaryotes unicellular or multicellular?

unicellular (single-celled)

Where is DNA stored in a Eukaryote?

Stored in the nucleus

Which classification of organism is unicellular, reproduces asexually, has a cell wall and produces food from photosynthesis or chemosynthesis?

Bacteria

Which classification of organism is unicellular, reproduces asexually, has a cell wall, is a thermophile and absorbs its food from outside the cell?

Archaea

Which classification of organism is unicellular (occasionally multicellular), reproduces sexually and asexually, absorbs or ingests its food, and has a cell wall?

Protist

Which classification of organism is multicellular (occasionally unicellular), reproduces asexually and sexually, absorbs food from outside, and has a cell wall?

Fungi

Which classification of organism is multicellular, reproduces asexually and sexually, swallows/digests food, is eukaryotic and has no cell wall?

Animal

Which classification of organism is multicellular, reproduces asexually and sexually, produces food by photosynthesis, has a large vacuole, is eukaryotic and has a cell wall?

Plant

What is cell theory?

• All organisms are composed of one or more cells, and the life processes of metabolism and heredity occur within these cells.

• Cells are the smallest living things, the basic units of organisation of all organisms.

• Cells arise only by division of a previously existing cell.

What is an organelle?

An organelle is a subcellular structure that has one or more specific functions to perform in the cell, much like an organ does in the body.

Are all organelles membrane bound?

No, they can be either membrane-bound or non-membrane-bound.

Who developed one of the early versions of the microscope in the 1600's?

Robert Hook

What Latin word did the phrase "cells" originate from?

Cellula

What dutch scientist was credited with discovering bacteria, protists, nematodes, and spermatozoa, among other things?

Antony Van Leeuwenhoek

What are the different types of microscopes?

• Stereo microscopes

• Compound light microscopes

• Scanning electron microscopes

• Transmission electron microscopes

Do stereo microscopes of compound light microscopes have two eyepieces?

Stereo microscope

What is the approx resolution of a stereo microscope?

120nm

What are some pros of stereo microscopes?

• Helps view opaque specimens

• Helps in 3-D imaging.

• Enables the view of larger samples.

What are some cons of the stereo microscope?

• Can't view tissue structures, bacteria, and viruses.

• It's bulky

• Maintenance is expensive and time-consuming

What is the range of magnification for a stereo microscope?

10-40x

What is the range of magnification for a compound light microscope?

40-1000x

What is the approx. resolution of a compound light microscope?

200nm

What are some advantages of a compound light microscope?

• User friendly and easy to handle

• Can look at live samples

• Multiple lenses, so can obtain detailed information about the sample

What are some disadvantages of a compound light microscope?

• Limited magnification and resolution

• Can't see through multiple layers

• Can't see 3D structures of speciments clearly

What is the maximum magnification on a scanning electron microscope?

2 million x

What is the range of resolution on a scanning electron microscope?

20nm - <1nm

What are some advantages of a scanning electron microscope?

• Provides 3D topographical images

• Easy to use with proper training

• Works fast and can analyse a sample within 5 minutes

What are some disadvantages of a scanning electron microscope?

• Size, cost, and maintenance

• Must have special training to use

• Can only view dead samples

What are some advantages of a transmission electron microscope?

• Provides 2D internal images

• Better spatial resolution and provide additional analytical measurements

• Images are high quality and detailed with chemical information

What are some disadvantages of a transmission electron microscope?

• Size, cost, and maintenance

• Must have special training to use

• Can only view dead samples

• Sample require a lot of time to prepare

What is cell staining?

A technique that can be used to better visualise cells and cell components under microscopes.

What are some types of stains?

• Methylene blue

• Iodine

Which type of cell stainer is a starch indicator?

Iodine

What is the formula for actual object size when calculating linear magnification?

Size of the image - numerator

Magnification - denominator

What is the formula for magnification when calculating linear magnification?

Measured size of the object - numerator

Actual size of the object - denominator

When measuring linear magnification and the actual size of an object, out of actual object size and magnification, which formula should you use first?

Magnification

What is a phospholipid?

Molecules that form the primary sturctural foundation of cell membranes/plasmas.

What is a phospholipid made up of?

A glycerol attached to two fatty acid chains and a phosphate group.

Which end of the phospholipid is hydrophilic?

The head, which is the phosphate end.

Which end of the phospholipid is hydrophobic?

The tails, which are the fatty acid chains.

When the phospholipids are placed in an aqueous (watery) environment, do the hydrophobic tails face inward or outward?

Inward

When the phospholipids are placed in an aqueous (watery) environment, do the hydrophilic heads face inward or outward?

outward

Are straight fatty acid chains saturated or unsaturated?

saturated

Are kinked fatty acid chains saturated or unsaturated?

Unsaturated

Chains that have a … bond will have a kinked chain. What is the bond called?

A carbon double bond

Will membranes that only contain phospholipids with saturated fatty acid chains be neat and packed together or stack unneatly?

Neatly and tightly packed together

Will membranes that only contain phospholipids with UNsaturated fatty acid chains be neat and packed together or stack unneatly?

Stacked unneatly and be more fluid.

What 3 things do cells need to survive?

• Energy

• Resources

• Be able to remove wastes

What 2 basic forms of energy do cells use?

• Light energy

• Chemical energy

Do plant or animal cells use light energy?

Plant

Do plant or animal cells use chemical energy?

Animal

What are some examples of waste products for plant cells?

• Oxygen

• Glucose

What are examples of waste products for animal cells?

• Carbon dioxide

• Water