Patho Final 4

Acute Subdural Hematoma

Hematoma in the subdural space, causing severe pressure build up in the head

• Caused by trauma

Global Ischemia

blood flow is inadequate (usually fully blocked) to meet the metabolic needs of the brain. Results in widespread cerebral damage.

• Causes: cardiac arrest, profound hypotension (shock), or severe respiratory failure

Bladder Cancer Causes

1. Smoking

2. Chronic bladder infections and bladder stones

Bladder Cancer Sx

1. painless hematuria (most common/first symptom)

2. Frequency, urgency, and dysuria

Atelectasis

incomplete expansion of a lung or portion of a lung.

• Impairs alveoli function

Atelectasis Cause

• Airway obstruction

• Lung compression such as pneumothorax or pleural effusion

• Increased recoil of the lung due to loss of pulmonary surfactant

• Surgery or immobility

Atelectasis Sx

• Trachea and Mediastinum shifts to affected side

• Tachycardia

• Tachypnea

• Cyanosis

Lopsided lungs

TIA Complications

Precursor to a stroke

Peptic Ulcer Disease Causes

• H.pylori

• ASA or NSAID use

• Smoking

• Advanced age

• Alcohol use

Peptic Ulcer Disease Sx

burning, gnawing, or cramplike pain (between meals and at 1 or 2am)

• midline in the epigastrium near the xiphoid and may radiate below the costal margins, into the back

• Pain is relieved with food, worsened on an empty stomach

Spontaneous Pneumothorax

rupture of an air-filled bleb, or blister, on the surface of the lung. Rupture of these blebs allows atmospheric air from the airways to enter the pleural cavity

• Lung collapses

• Common in young tall athletic men

Tension Pneumothorax

the intrapleural pressure exceeds atmospheric pressure. It is a life-threatening condition and occurs when injury to the chest or respiratory structures permits air to enter but not leave the pleural space. This results in a rapid increase in pressure within the chest

Tension Pneumothorax Characteristics

• Compression atelectasis of the unaffected lung,

• a shift in the mediastinum to the opposite side of the chest

• compression of the vena cava, which results in a decrease in venous return to the heart and reduced cardiac output

Pleural Effusion

abnormal collection of fluid or exudate in the pleural cavity.

• Unilateral

Pleural Effusion Sx

• Dyspnea (increased effort or rate of breathing)

• SOB

• Flatness or diminished breath sounds

• decrease in lung expansion on the affected side

• fever, increased white blood cell count, and other signs of inflammation.

IT DOES NOT CAUSE PAIN

Mitosis vs Meiosis

Mitosis = two genetically identical "body cells”

Meiosis = four genetically distinct “reproductive cells”