Modules 5-9 (start at module 7 reading)

The French Revolution of 1830

favored the propertied classes but brought the common people back into French politics.

William Blake maintained that imagination

could shatter humanity's "mind-forged manacles."

The Troppau Memorandum, which was signed by Russia, Prussia, and Austria, called on the signatories to aid each other

in suppressing revolt.

The paintings of the British artist _______________ demonstrate Romanticism.

J. M. W. Turner

The Congress of Vienna sought to reestablish and reinforce Europe's:

monarchical regimes.

The writings of the seventeenth-century political philosopher John Locke formed the basis of the beliefs of British

liberals.

The Romantics' interest in history and the lives of the people can be seen in Rossini's opera ____________, which also promoted Italian nationalism.

William Tell

Nationalism was promoted by the nations themselves through various institutions and activities, including

teaching a single national language in the school system.

Frankenstein, one of the best-known examples of Romantic fiction and in many ways a critique on the Enlightenment, was written by

Mary Shelley.

The Decembrist Revolt of 1825 was

initiated by an elite corps of Russian army officers.

The three core principles of liberals were equality before the law, government based on the consent of the people, and

individual freedom to engage in economic activity without governmental interference.

Slave revolts in the United States and the Caribbean polarized the debate about slavery,

and increased slaveholders' sense of vulnerability and isolation.

In fighting for Venezuela's independence, Simón Bolívar utilized

slaves, ex-slaves and troops from Haiti.

Between 1839 and 1848, the leading British voice(s) calling for democracy

were the Chartists, who gathered 6 million signatures in support in 1848.

The founder of more developed and modern socialism was

Karl Marx.

The Revolutionary era seems to have used slavery as a metaphor for everything that was bad

except the institution of slavery itself.

Conservatives came to be nationalists because their definition of a nation included

the national traditions of dynastic ruling families and hereditary elites.

During the early nineteenth century, liberals supported nationalism because they associated it with constitutions, national political institutions, and

political transformation.

We can draw a distinction between liberals and republicans on the issue of:

the criteria used for determining citizenship.

The abolitionist movement gained considerable momentum in England through such leaders as

William Wilberforce.

A Romantic would probably argue that human nature is

diverse, and finds truth in emotion.

The basis of nineteenth-century conservatism was a belief in political stability, which conservatives thought would be guaranteed by:

the monarchy.

Disagreeing with liberals and republicans who both defined a nation as a body of free citizens, Marxist socialists maintained that

social class was the predominant building block of society and that class identity was universal, not national, in nature.

In 1808,

the British Parliament and the Congress of the United States banned the slave trade.

During the nineteenth century, many European economists, such as _________, sought to develop national economies and national infrastructures in keeping with the general rise of nationalism.

Friedrich List

After other smaller German states had instituted liberal reforms in their territories, a confrontation occurred between revolutionaries and the Prussian army in Berlin. As a result, King Frederick William of Prussia

promised a constitution.

After the failed revolutions of 1848, the hopes of moderates working for Italian unification no longer centered on popular movements but rather on political moves by

Piedmont-Sardinia.

Because Austria chose to remain neutral during the Crimean War:

it left Russia and Austria considerably weaker.

Bismarck's policies can best be understood as

an illustration of his desire for power and influence for Prussia.

Contributing to the unrest that fueled the revolutions of 1848 were economic problems, including a famine. The years from __________, were perhaps the worst Europe suffered in the entire nineteenth century.

1846 to 1847

During the nineteenth century, both the United States and Russia had similar problems as Canada in building their respective nations, but they had the additional problem of

slavery and serfdom.

In 1831, Giuseppe Mazzini founded a nationalist group, _________, dedicated to Italian unification.

Young Italy

In 1849, the Frankfurt Assembly offered the crown of a new German nation to:

Frederick Wilhelm IV.

In counterpoint to the Frankfurt Assembly, the _________ refused to participate and instead held their own assembly.

Czechs

Italian unification was achieved both on the battlefield and through diplomacy: the diplomatic fight was led by

Count Camillo di Cavour.

Many liberal reformers and revolutionaries of the mid-nineteenth century had as one of their goals

representative government.

One consequence of the Crimean War was that

Moldavia and Walachia became independent and united in the new nation Romania.

The ________ helped break the impasse over ending serfdom in Russia.

Crimean War

The "Eastern Question" refers to

the question of who would benefit as the Ottoman Empire lost its grip in southeastern Europe.

The American Civil War transformed the nation in multiple ways besides eliminating slavery, such as

establishing the preeminence of "due process" as defined by the national government, not by state or territorial governments.

The Crimean War prompted dramatic changes in the British

army's administrative and logistical systems.

The decree emancipating 22 million Russian serfs in 1861

didn't change the pattern of rural life much at all.

The first of the revolutions of 1848 began in:

France.

The Franco-Prussian War was waged

as the final stage in German unification.

The Frankfurt Assembly was plagued by

the problem of nationality.

The government and leaders of the early republic of the United States supported a political system based on the aristocracy of

"virtue and talent."

The Hungarian parliament passed a series of laws that revolutionaries had demanded in 1848, including one for

the abolition of serfdom.

The reformers and revolutionaries of 1848 had several goals, ranging from the end of privilege to

national unity.

The term Manifest Destiny expressed the desire of many Americans to see

the United States overspread the continent.

The unification of _________ and Italy could not have been accomplished without changing how governments conducted business and related to their citizens.

Germany

In 1898, under the leadership of General Horatio Kitchener, the British avenged the death of Charles Gordon and secured the Sudan at the battle of

Khartoum.

A potential conflict between British and French imperial forces in Africa almost commenced when the two armies faced off against each other at

Fashoda.

Although best known for his achievement in creating an independent India, Mohandas Gandhi first gained recognition for his legal work in the British colony

South Africa

Between 1870 and 1900, six Western nations colonized perhaps 25 percent of the world and extend formal empire to many places, including

South America.

By the end of the nineteenth century:

advertisers began to use images of empire to sell their products.

Establishing agreements so that European governments could exert their influence through local leaders is known as

indirect rule.

French imperialists saw acquiring colonies as

a way to restore the prestige they had lost in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870.

In 1896, Emperor Menelik II of Ethiopia defeated an invading army from

Italy.

In France, _________________ indicted the colonial administrators in Algeria for indifference to Muslim women.

Hubertine Auclert

Nineteenth-century empires and new imperialism rose against a backdrop of: nation building, industrialization, and

liberal revolutions.

One cause for much concern among Europeans and colonial authorities dealt with

the tension of preserving national traditions and identity in the face of a constantly changing, hybrid colonial culture.

Some Europeans saw imperialism as a way to

establish and vindicate the superiority of their civilization.

The antiforeign and antimissionary movement in China known as the Boxer Rebellion

laid siege to the foreign legations in Beijing, triggering a major response by Western powers.

The British and the French were compelled to end slavery in their colonies in the 1830s and 1840s by

the Haitian Revolution.

The British writer J. A. Hobson and Vladimir Lenin said of imperialism that it was

a result of greed and arrogance.

The East India Company's imperialism in India was met by a major revolt in 1857-58 known as the

Great Mutiny.

The London Pan-African Conference of 1900 issued a proclamation, To the Nations of the World, which declared:

"The problem of the twentieth-century was the colour line."

The Opium Wars began when

the Chinese banned opium imports.

The policy with which the British suppressed and defeated the Afrikaners in the Boer War and that generated controversy in Europe and in Britain was the use of

concentration camps.

The theory that human beings were composed of three races, the "black," "yellow," and "white," with the "white" being the superior race, was proposed in The Inequality of the Races, by

Arthur de Gobineau.

The United States became an imperial power following its victory in the "splendid little war" against:

Spain.

The various challenges and crises in and among Western empires

encouraged Western imperial powers to expand their economic and military commitments to their empires.

Throughout nineteenth-century many Europeans believed that they would bring progress to the rest of the world through their

economic development, science and technology.

When Great Britain took control of Egypt in 1870, Lord Evelyn Baring was appointed the

proconsul, in a power-sharing arrangement with the Egyptians.

Why did Bismarck take Germany into the "scramble for Africa"?

to prevent Britain and France from dominating Africa

Although electricity had been discovered much earlier, its development during the late 1800s led to

new techniques in the metallurgical and chemical industries.

Although the __________ were strictly realists, they were responsible for the first significant break with traditional representational art.

impressionists

By 1884, the right to vote had been extended to most _________ in Germany, France, and Britain.

men

By 1895, seven different socialist parties had

been able to win from 25 to 33 percent of the votes in their respective countries.

During the late nineteenth century, which political party became the most successful Marxist party?

the German Social Democratic Party

Friedrich Nietzsche believed that human beings must become "supermen" and

transcend the bounds of cultural conformity.

In 1871, Pope Pius IX convened the first church council since the Counter-Reformation. This council affirmed the pope's authority in all matters of faith and morals by proclaiming the dogma of:

papal infallibility.

In 1903, Emmeline Pankhurst

founded the Women's Social and Political Union.

In his major publication _____________, Charles Darwin dealt with the natural world and developed his theory of evolution by means of natural selection.

The Origin of Species

Picking up after the impressionists, Vincent Van Gogh and _________ rejected conventional techniques and saw art as a vehicle for expression.

Paul Cézanne

Political reform in Britain, Germany and France gave women the right to control their own property and sue for divorce. For the women's movement, the next step was

to be able to vote.

Reacting to pressure from the British Labour party, the Liberal government

passed a controversial budget that included a progressive income tax to pay for concessions to workers.

Reform movements of the early nineteenth century in various areas ranged from poor relief to temperance and ending slavery. These movements depended on women and

tended to raise women's public standing and bring them together.

Sigmund Freud argued that mental disorders are caused by

a conflict between natural drives and restraints placed on individuals.

Socialism was not so strong in Britain as in continental Europe, largely because Radical Liberals and the British Labour Party, which was founded in 1901,

saw the British Parliament as a legitimate vehicle for achieving social change.

Stung by France's defeat in 1870 and the loss of their power and influence, the French landed nobility and the Catholic Church formed a new right that was nationalistic, antiparliamentary, antiliberal and

anti-Semitic.

The European governments enacted _______________ to assure investors that they would not lose too much of their wealth if a corporation failed.

limited-liability laws

The first technological innovation of the second industrial revolution was with

steel.

The growing search for efficient sources of power during the late nineteenth century led to the

invention of the liquid-fuel, internal combustion engine.

The Kulturkampf of Otto von Bismarck was a campaign against the

Catholics.

The nineteenth century ended with a burst of energy and innovations in the realm of economics, culture, and politics that led many Europeans to

assume that society was speeding toward a more promising future.

Though anarchists agreed with many of the values of Marxist socialists, they

opposed centrally organized economies and the very existence of nation-states.

To match the power of the corporations and fueled by a resentment of living a "life apart," Europe's working classes

launched a "new unionism" during the late nineteenth century.

Until the Russo-Japanese War, ordinary Russians trusted in the benevolence of the tsar. This trust was shaken on January 22, 1905, a date afterward referred to as

"Bloody Sunday."

With the rise of the "New Woman," conservative women such as Mrs. Humphrey Ward believed that

women should avoid politics because female political involved would sap the virility of the Empire.