HL Chemistry Premium Foundation Guide Flashcards

A complete set of vocabulary flashcards derived from the HL Chemistry Premium Foundation Guide, covering fundamental concepts in atomic structure, periodicity, bonding, moles, and introductory organic chemistry.

Atom

The smallest particle of an element that retains its chemical properties.

Proton

A positively charged particle found in the nucleus.

Neutron

A neutral particle found in the nucleus.

Electron

A negatively charged particle found outside the nucleus.

Atomic number

The number of protons in an atom.

Mass number

The sum of protons + neutrons in an atom.

Isotope

Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.

Ion

A charged particle formed by gaining or losing electrons.

Valence electrons

Electrons in the outer shell of an atom that determine chemical behaviour.

Groups

Vertical columns on the periodic table.

Periods

Horizontal rows on the periodic table.

Group 1

Alkali metals.

Group 17

Halogens.

Group 18

Noble gases.

Atomic radius trend (Across a period)

The atomic radius decreases.

Electronegativity trend (Across a period)

Electronegativity increases.

Atomic radius trend (Down a group)

The atomic radius increases.

Ionic Bonding

The transfer of electrons from a metal to a non-metal.

Covalent Bonding

The sharing of electrons between non-metals.

Metallic Bonding

The attraction between positive metal ions and delocalised electrons.

London dispersion forces

The weakest type of attractions between molecules.

Dipole-dipole forces

Intermolecular forces that occur between polar molecules.

Hydrogen bonding

A strong intermolecular force involving $H$ bonded to $N$, $O$ or $F$.

1 mole

$6.02 \times 10^{23}$ particles.

Moles Equation

$\text{Moles} = \frac{\text{Mass}}{\text{Molar Mass}}$.

Acids

Substances that release $H^+$ ions in solution.

Bases

Substances that accept $H^+$ ions.

Oxidation

The loss of electrons.

Reduction

The gain of electrons.

OIL RIG

A memory aid for redox reactions: Oxidation Is Loss, Reduction Is Gain.

Solid

A state of matter where particles vibrate in fixed positions.

Liquid

A state of matter where particles move past one another.

Gas

A state of matter where particles move freely.

Hydrocarbons

Compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen.

Alkanes

Hydrocarbons containing single bonds only.

Alkenes

Hydrocarbons containing a carbon-carbon double bond.

Methane

$$CH_4$$

Ethane

$$C_2H_6$$

Propane

$$C_3H_8$$

Ethene

$$C_2H_4$$