ATS2327 - Test Flashcards Revision

Representation definition

“Representation means using language to say something meaningful about, or to represent, the world meaningfully, to other people” (Hall, 1997)

Why do representations matter?

Shapes how we see ourselves and others.

Common issues surrounding representation

Tokenism, stereotyping, erasure and single stories.

What is encompasses good representation?

Having varied, complex and authentic representations.

What is the key report used for measuring on-screen representation?

Seeing Ourselves 2.0, 2023, Screen Australia

What percentage of on-screen representation is Anglo-Saxan?

71%

What percentage of representation if Indigenous

7.2%

What percentage of representation is LGBTQIA+?

7.4%

What percentage of on-screen representation is Non-European?

16%

What percentage of on-screen representation is disabled people?

16%

What is a case study for representations?

Heartbreak High (Chapman, 2022-2026)

How does Heartbreak High show representations?

Plays heavily into authenticity, represents a wide margin of people (neurodiverse, LGBTQIA+, Indigenous, and non-European).

What is intersectionality?

The interplay and cumulative effects of multiple variants of discrimination affecting the daily lives of individuals (Crenshaw, 1989)

Why does Intersectionality matter?

Promotes inclusive and responsible policy-making (Crenshaw et al., 2024)

What is a case study for intersectionality?

Total Control (Perkins, 2019-2024)

How does Total Control (Perkins, 2019-2024) represent intersectionality?

Explores the concept of the angry black lady trope, deconstructing it (Carlson, 2024)

Who is the main character of Total Control (Perkins, 2019-2024)

The main character, Alex, has a unique experience of discrimination as she faces discrimination for her race and her gender, but also for being a woman in the political space, and her class through her working-class background.

What is diversity?

Diversity: Napoli (1999) - Source (who makes it), content (what is shown), exposure (who gets to see it)

What is an algorithm?

Netflix, YouTube, etc., make use of algorithms to suggest content to audiences (Khoo et al., 2023).

What percentage of Netflix audiences choose content based on thumbnail recommendations?

82% (Nelson, 2016)

What does Benjamin (2019) posit about algorithms?

They are a backdoor to biased viewing, due to filter bubbles or limited algorithm recommendations.

What is a DEI strategy of Netflix?

Fund for Creative Equity (2023): $100 million investment into diverse content

What is Amazon’s defunct DEI strategy?

Amazon Inclusion Playbook (2021). Made defunct in 2025.

How were LGBTQIA+ people represented in the 20th century?

Krikowa (2021): Early depictions of LGBT people were stereotypical and inauthentic.

What is a case study for authentic LGBTQIA+ representation?

First Day (Kalceff, 2020-2022)

How was First Day authentic in its depiction of queer diversity?

Krikowa (2021) identified the series as accurate and authentic due to consultation and aims to educate young Australians.

What is Asian Australian film and television?

Works of diasporic filmmakers or films produced in collaboration between Asian and Australian filmmakers/businesses.

What is regionalism?

Grouping nations for cultural or economic benefit

What is a negative case study of Asian Australian representation?

The Year of Living Dangerously (Weir, 1982), which depicted an Asian man as a woman cross dresser who was effeminate.

What is a positive case study of Asian Australian representation?

Four Years Later (Gupta, 2024) is an example of regionalism, as it is an Australian-Indian coproduction. Capable of being viewed anywhere, romantic comedy with complex characters.

What are the three common stereotypes of people with disabilities?

The pitiable victim, the supercrip or the villainous disabled person.

What is a case study of disability?

This is Going to be Big (Hyland, 2023)

Why is This is Going to be Big (Hyland, 2023) a good representation of people with disability?

2-part documentary series centered around people with disabilities. It was funded by VicScreens, and done so with the consultation and involvement of Australians with disability.

What is class?

Marx (1848): The tension between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie. The bourgeoisie wants to elicit as much profit as possible, the proletariat want to maximise wages and workers rights

What is a conventional depiction of class?

Hooks (1994): WIthout integrity or etiquette.

What is a Case Study of Class?

Kath & Kim (Turner & Riley, 2002–2007).

Why is Kath & Kim (Turner & Riley, 2002-2007) a good representation of class?

Turnbull (2004): Kath & Kim speaks to being an example of class television that highlights how obsessed the leads are at looking upper class. It makes the upper class look ridiculous, resultantly.

What is the study into off-screen representation?

Statements from Everyone Counts 2.0 (Screen Diversity Inclusion Network, 2025)

What percentage do women make in off-screen representation?

Women and gender diverse people make up 50% of the workforce, but 80% of leadership roles are men.

What percentage do Indigenous make in off-screen representation?

2.2%

What percentage do Disabled make in off-screen representation?

6.8%

What is an example of current industry practices?

Commission guidelines

What are commission guidelines?

Content having to meet particular criteria. The ABC and SBS require content to be made with public interest or need in mind, including representation qualities.

What is an example of long-term DEI change?

First Nations Department at Screen Australia (1993)

What effect has the First Nations Department at Screen Australia had on Indigenous filmmaking?

Progress of on-screen representations have since grown due to the FND, and long-term commitments provide jobs for Indigenous Australians from an entry-level to a leadership basis. Only two Indigenous made films before its inception.

What is online/digital activism?

Utilising digital platforms to promote social, political and cultural causes. Networked through hashtags, petitions or viral storytelling.

What is an example of digital activism?

#MeToo (2006): The hashtag began widespread use in 2017. The phrase was a quick and easy way to say “I experience this too.” Gave credence to claims against Harvey Weinstein, a convicted sexual predator.

What is fandom?

Communities organised around their love or shared enthusiasm of a cultural text (such as a film, video game, book, television series)

According to Axel Bruns (2009), what are audiences?

Produsers.

According to Henry Jenkins (2014), what stage are audiences in in the media?

Participatory culture

What is an example of audiences being produsers?

Creation of fanfic. 50 Shades of Grey was a Twilight fanfic turned into a film franchise.

What is an example of online changing outcomes?

Zack Snyder’s Justice League (Snyder, 2021). #ReleaseTheSnyderCut