Psy exam 3

In middle and late childhood, accidents and injuries are the…

leading cause of death.

Dyslexia

a severe impairment in the ability to read and spell

Dysgraphia

a difficulty in handwriting

Dyscalculia

a developmental arithmetic disorder

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

a disability characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity

Causes of ADHD

genetics, brain damage during prenatal or postnatal development, cigarette and alcohol exposure during prenatal development, high maternal stress during prenatal development, and low birth weight.

Emotional and behavioral disorders involve:

relationships, aggression, depression, fears on personal and school matters.

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) range from and may have?

autistic disorder to asperger syndrome and may have a genetic basis.

Individualized education plan (IEP)

a written statement specifically tailored for the disabled student

Least restrictive environment (LRE)

a setting as similar as possible to the one in which nondisabled children are educated

Inclusion

educating a child with special education needs fulltime in the regular classroom.

It’s the ultimate goal.

missed stuff

Intellectual disability

It is defined as a condition of limited mental ability in which the individual has a low IQ, difficulty adapting to everyday life, and first exhibits these characteristics by age 18.

The most distinctive feature of intellectual disability is…

inadequate intellectual functioning

Organic intellectual disability is caused by…

a genetic disorder or brain damage.

In cultural-familial intellectual disability, there is…

no evidence of organic brain damage, but IQ is generally between 50 and 70.

Giftedness is likely a product of…

both heredity and environment.

Alphabetic principle

the letters of the alphabet represent sounds of the language.

metalinguistic awareness

knowledge about language

Whole-language approach

stresses that reading instruction should parallel children’s natural language learning. They are taught whole words instead of the phonics.

Phonics approach

reading instruction should teach the basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds. This is the best approach to reading.

End of ch9

skipped ch10

Puberty

a brain-neuroendocrine process occurring primarily in early adolescence that provides stimulation for rapid physical development.

menarche

a girl’s first menstruation

Hormones

powerful chemical substances secreted by the endocrine glands and carried throughout the body by the bloodstream.

Estradiol

a type of estrogen that in girls is associated with breast, uterine, and skeletal development.

Late maturing boys report

Early maturing girls show ____ but ____.

greater satisfaction early,

(on same slide get bottom section)

Corpus callosum

where fibers connect the brain’s left and right hemispheres, thickens in adolescence.

Improves the ability to process information.

Prefrontal cortex

highest level of the frontal lobes involved in reasoning, decision making, and self-control

The prefrontal cortex _______ emerging adulthood or

Anorexia nervosa

the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation.

Bulimia nervosa

an eating disorder in which the individual consistently follows a binge-and-purge pattern.

Seriation

a cognitive skill in which children arrange objects or events in a specific order based on a particular characteristic, such as size, length, or color.

Hypothetical-deductive reasoning

the cognitive ability to develop hypotheses, or best guesses, about ways to solve problems.

Piaget’s theory says the formal operational stage begins at age ___?

11

Formal operational thought does what?

Increased verbal problem-solving ability.

Increased tendency to think about thought itself.

Thoughts of idealism and possibilities.

More logical thought.

Research indicates on Piaget’s theory…

Much more individual variation than Piaget envisioned.

Culture and education exert stronger influences on cognitive development than Piaget maintained.

That cognitive development is not as stage like as Piaget thought.

Adolescent egocentrism is?

the heightened self-consciousness of adolescents.

Imaginary audience

adolescents’ belief that others are as interested in them as they themselves are, as well as attention- getting behavior motivated by a desire to be noticed (“on stage”).

Personal fable

the part of adolescent egocentrism that involves a sense of uniqueness and invincibility.

Adolescents tend to portray themselves as vulnerable to premature death.

Cognitive control

exercising effective control of thinking in a number of areas.

Focusing attention, reducing interfering thoughts, and being cognitively flexible.

Increases in adolescence and emerging adulthood

Service learning

is a form of education that promotes social responsibility and service to the community.

Example of service learning

Tutoring, helping older adults, working in a hospital, assisting in a child-care center, cleaning up a vacant lot for a play area.

How can service learning be more effective and what is a goal of service learning?

An important goal is becoming less self-centered and more strongly motivated to help others.

It is often more effective when it gives students some degree of choice in activities and provides opportunities to reflect on their participation.

Benefits from service learning

higher grades, increased goal setting, higher self-esteem, a greater sense of being able to make a difference, and opportunities to explore and reason about moral issues.

self esteem

overall evaluation of self.

self-esteem reflects perceptions that…

do not always match reality.

It is of one’s own perception of one’s own intelligence or attractiveness.

high self esteem

accurate, justified perceptions but it can also indicate an unwarranted sense of superiority.

narcissism

a self-centered and self-concerned approach toward others.

(need thing on self regulation)

key component to self-regulation is…

effortful control

Identity

a self-portrait composed of many pieces and domains

Erikson’s adolescence psychosocial stage

identity versus identity confusion

The search for identity is aided by a _____ the gap between

possible responses to identity vs identity

withdraws themself completely or emerces themself in peers

Marcia’s four statuses of identity

identity diffusion, foreclosure, moratorium, achievement

identity diffusion

shows little interest and little knowledge in different ideologies. No interest, no commitment.

identity foreclosure

someone makes a commitment for you.

Parents make you go to a certain college instead of visiting different schools and deciding on your own.

You’re a stealers fan because your family are stealers fans.

identity moratorium

in the midst of options but have not made a decision.

identity achievement

explored your options and now are deciding a committing.

(put commitment and crisis graph)

Cognitive development and religion in adolescence:

More so than in childhood, adolescence think abstractly, idealistically, and logically.

The increase in abstract thinking lets adolescents consider various ideas about religious and spiritual concepts

increased idealistic thinking provides a foundation for considering religion’s role in a better world.

an increased capacity for logical reasoning enables them to develop hypotheses and sort through answers to spiritual questions.