APUSH U2

New Immigrants

Primarily from Southern and Eastern Europe (Italy, Poland, Russia), arriving in the U.S. in large numbers between 1880–1920.

Knights of Labor

An inclusive union founded in 1869 that opened membership to all workers regardless of race, gender, or skill.

Haymarket Riot

A labor protest in 1886 in Chicago that turned violent after a bomb exploded, leading to negative public perception of labor unions.

American Federation of Labor (AFL)

Founded by Samuel Gompers in 1886, it was a union for skilled workers focused on better wages, hours, and working conditions.

Gospel of Wealth

Andrew Carnegie's philosophy advocating for the wealthy to use their riches to improve society through philanthropy.

Sherman Antitrust Act

The first federal law to outlaw monopolistic practices and restrain trade, enacted in 1890.

Ida B. Wells

An activist and journalist known for investigating and exposing lynching in the South and co-founding the NAACP.

Panic of 1893

An economic depression triggered by over-speculation in railroads and weak banking systems, leading to high unemployment.

Turner’s Frontier Thesis

The argument by Frederick Jackson Turner that the American frontier shaped democracy, individualism, and innovation.

Homestead Strike

A labor conflict in 1892 where steelworkers at Carnegie’s Homestead plant protested wage cuts, leading to violence.

Eugene Debs

A labor leader and socialist who founded the American Railway Union and led the nationwide Pullman Strike in 1894.

Plessy v. Ferguson

The 1896 Supreme Court case that established the 'separate but equal' doctrine, upholding racial segregation.

Jim Crow Laws

State and local laws enforcing racial segregation in the South, including separate schools and public facilities.

Booker T. Washington

An African American leader advocating vocational education and economic self-reliance for African Americans.

W.E.B. Du Bois

An activist pushing for immediate civil rights and higher education for African Americans; co-founder of the NAACP.

Social Gospel

A reform movement applying Christian ethics to social problems such as poverty and inequality.

US Imperialism

Expansionist policies driven by economic, military, and ideological motivations, often characterized by jingoism.

Queen Liliuokalani

Hawaiian monarch who opposed U.S. annexation of Hawaii and was overthrown in 1893.

Spanish-American War

A conflict in 1898 resulting from the Cuban independence movement, leading to U.S. victory and acquisition of territories.