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Endosymbiosis

The process where a bacterium is incorporated into another cell, which occurred later in evolution.

Eukaryotic cells

Cells that have membrane-bound nuclei and organelles.

Cell size limitation

Cells are small because structural molecules that maintain shape cannot support larger volumes or surface areas.

Cytoskeleton and Cell wall

Organelles that play a role in maintaining cell shape and structure.

Vacuole

The organelle responsible for storing nutrients, waste products, and maintaining turgor pressure in plant cells.

Chloroplasts and Mitochondria

Organelles that are directly involved in energy conversion.

Nucleus

The organelle that contains most of the genetic material of a eukaryotic cell.

Peroxisome

The organelle that breaks down fatty acids and detoxifies harmful substances.

Endoplasmic reticulum

The organelle involved in protein synthesis and modification.

Fluid-mosaic model

In the fluid-mosaic model, 'mosaic' refers to the arrangement of various proteins embedded in the lipid bilayer.

Glycolipids

Membrane components that play a role in cell recognition.

Transmembrane protein

A protein that spans the entirety of a biological membrane and is also called an integral membrane protein.

Facilitated transport

Type of transport that requires a transport protein but does not require energy.

Na+/K+ pump

A transport mechanism that expends ATP and moves sodium and potassium against their gradients.

Codon

A sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA that corresponds to a specific amino acid.

Post-translational modification

Changes to proteins after translation that can affect their function.

Anterograde movement

The forward movement of proteins through the Golgi apparatus.

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

A process where cells uptake whole cells through specific receptors.

Dynamic instability

A process where tubulin assembles onto one end while disassembling from the other end in microtubules.

Microtubules

The largest component of the cytoskeleton that is crucial for chromosome movement during cell division.

Microfilaments

Element of the cytoskeleton involved in muscle contraction and movement via lamellipodia.

Intermediate filaments

Cytoskeletal components whose subunits vary depending on cell type.