NCE Important names (theories)

Bandura

Social Learning Theory or Observational Learning. Person produces and is a product of conditioning

Barber

espoused a cognitive theory of hypnotism

Berne

(Transactional Analysis)—Messages learned about self in childhood determine whether person is good or bad, though intervention can change this script

- We all possess a PAC

- Emphasis games (1st degree less than 3rd-worse)

- Life Scripts

Bogardus

Developed a social distance scale which evaluated how an individual felt toward other ethnic groups

Bordin

diagnostic classification system

3 parts

Posit that difficulties related to job choice are indicative of neurotic symptoms.

- Gratification of conflicts,

- Change orientation,

- Pathology

Bowlby

bonding and attachment

Brill

emphasized SUBLIMATION as an ego-defense mechanism

Coopersmith

the child with high SELF-ESTEEEM was PUNISHED the emphasis was on the behavior being bad and not the child

de Shazer

MIRACLE QUESTION

Focus on Solution

Focus on exception

Dollard and Miller

DCRR

Drive as a function of behavior and learning combines four processes:

- Drive,

- Cue,

- Response

- Reinforcement.

** Drive is the engine.

** The cue tells you when, where and how to respond.

** Your response is any behavior or sequence of behaviors you perform.

** Reinforcement is the consequence of drive being reduced.

If your behavior isn't reinforced, the behavior will be extinguished (disappear). But the process doesn't stop there. You keep trying different responses until one of them satisfies the drive

Durkheim

founders of modern sociology

Ellis

Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy

Erikson

stages (focus on social relationships) are psychosocial

Festinger

cognitive dissonance theory

Freud

stages (oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital) are psychosexual

Gelett

client is seeing a career counselor to determine what career path would be most appropriate for his age and abilities. The counselor spends time with the client in helping him determine possible career paths and evaluate the effects of choosing each possibility. This theoretical counseling career approach can be attributed to

Gesell

one-way mirror for observing children; development is primarily determined via genetics/heredity. Hence, a child must be ready before he or she can accept a certain level of education

Gilligan

felt Kohlberg theory was more applicable to males than females

Ginzberg

(Career (CHOICE) Development Theory)

FTRE

First in developmental factors related to occupational choice. so-called longitudinal process rather than a single decision made at one point in time. The pioneer theorists in this area - who were the first to forsake the matching models - were ...

Haley

Strategic and Problem Solving Therapy

Often utilizing the technique of the paradox, happenstance.:

- Strategic Family Therapy focuses on how families (use or abuse power), how they fail to communicate effectively and clearly, and how a symptom serves as a protection against something that is painful.

Harlow

with maternal deprivation and isolation in monkeys, attachment

Havinghurst

(7 Developmental TASK States)

Development TASKS

- Infancy,

Early childhood,

Middle childhood,

--- Adolescence,

Early adulthood,

Middle age,

Later maturity

Jensen

Blacks had lower IQs

Jung

(Analytic Psychology)

- Man strives for individuation or a sense of self-fulfillment. or freedom.

- Neo Freudian

Kegan

(5 Stages)

of adult cognitive development, "holding environment (incorporative, impulsive, imperial, interpersonal, institutional, and interindividual

Kohlberg

Expanded on Piaget's conceptualization of moral development

The SIX (6) stages of moral development are grouped into

THREE (3) levels:

- pre-conventional

- conventional

- post-conventional

Lazarus

the behavior therapy movement, especially in regard to the use of SYSTEMIC DESENSITIZATION

B=Behaviors including arts, habits, and reactions.

A=Affective responses such as emotions, feelings, and mood.

S=Sensations, including hearing, touch, sight, smell and taste.

I=Images, including memories and dreams.

C=Cognitions including our thoughts, insights, and even our philosophy of life.

I=Interpersonal relationships.

D=Drugs, including alcohol, legal, illegal, and prescription drug use, diet, and nutritional supplementation.

Levinson (Book)

study experienced moderate to severe MIDLIFE CRISIS several major life transitions.

SEASONS OF A MAN'S LIFE 1978) and the sequel Seasons of a Woman's Life (1997). He also postulated a midlife crisis for men between ages 40-45

Loevinger

EGO DEVELOPMENT via seven stages and two transitions, the highest level being "INTEGRATION"

Lorenz

IMPRNITING "innate aggression theory"

Maccoby and Jacklin:

Males are better than females when performing mathematical calculations.

Maslow

POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY hierarchy of needs",

McDougall

HORMIC PSYCHOLOGY

(driven by INNATE, INHERITED tendencies)

McDougall and Ross:

introduce SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY in America

Milgram

OBEDIENCE TO AUTHORITY

Murray

considered a personality approach, TAT, "needs-press" theory

Neukrug

college age kids think in terms of good/bad, but later using more RELATIVISTIC THINKING

Osgood and Tannenbaum:

CONGRUITY theory, a client will accept suggestions more readily if the CLIENT likes the COUNSELOR

Parsons

FATHER OF GUIDANCE

wrote "Choosing a Vocation"

Perry

stresses a concept known as DUALISTIC thinking

Piaget

Stages of COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

- sensorimotor

- preoperational

- concrete operational

- formal operational period.

Rosenthal

research regarding the "Experimenter Effect."

Salter

pioneer in behavior therapy creating a paradigm dubbed CONDITIONED REFLEX therapy, and a behavioristic theory of HYPNOSIS, and autohypnosis

Thorne

eclectic

Seligman

LEARNED HELPLESSNESS

(dogs and shock--yuck)

Sheehy

both men and women tend to experience typical crises, or "PASSAGES",

Sherif

COOPERATIVE goal can bring TWO HOSTILE GROUPS groups together, thus reducing competition and enhancing cooperation

Sullivan

psychiatry of interpersonal relations

PARATAXIC DISTORTIONS

A parataxic distortion occurs when an individual treats another person as if he were someone else, usually a significant, close person from the individual's past life

--good me/bad me/not me

Tarasoff

case resulted in the counselor's duty to warn

Vontress

Suggested that multicultural counselors would do well to remember that we are all part of a universal culture.

Vroom

Motivation and Management Expectancy Theory suggests that an employee's performance is influenced by valence (reward$); expectancy ( capable of doing?); instrumentality (will the manager actually give the employee the promised reward such as a raise?)

Vygotsky

stages unfold due to educational intervention. Lev Vygotsky pioneered the zone of proximal development, scaffolding

Williamson

(ACID--Please Come Fast))

Minnesota Viewpoint, (TRAIT FACTOR)

-expanded Parson's model, transcended vocational issues. Through education and scientific data, man can become himself.

- Humans are born with potential for good or evil.

- Others are needed to help unleash positive potential.

- Man is mainly rational, not intuitive

Wolpe

systematic desensitization

Wundt

Father of psychology

Gibson

depth perception in children by utilizing a visual cliff

Rogers

Individual is good and moves toward growth and SELF-ACTURALIZATION

Frankl

(Logotherapy)—Existential view is that humans are good, rational, and retain FREEDOM of CHOICE

Glasser

Reality Therapy)—Individuals strive to meet basic physiological needs and the need to be worthwhile to self and others. Brain as control system tries to meet needs

Perls

People are not bad or good. People have the capacity to govern life effectively as "WHOLE." People are part of their environment and must be viewed as such.

Skinner

(Behavior Modification)—Humans are like other animals: mechanistic and controlled via environmental stimuli and reinforcement contingencies; not good or bad; no self-determination

Gazda

(3 types of Groups)

proposes a typology of three distinctive types of groups:

- guidance,

- counseling,

- psychotherapy.

Adler

(Individual Psychology)—Man is basically good; much of behavior is determined via birth order.

Ivey

(3 types Empathy)

has postulated three types of empathy:

- Basic,

- subtractive,

- additive

Perls (five stages of neurosis)

PHONY layer,

PHOBIC layer (fear that others will reject his or her uniqueness),

IMPASSE layer (the person feels struck),

IMPLOSIVE layer (willingness to expose the true self),

EXPLOSIVE layer (person has relief due to authenticity).

Tuckman/Jensen

Group Stages

(fsnpa)

forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning

Meichenbaum

Developed the behavioral technique called STRESS INOCULATION training. The purpose is to help the client deal with future stress. The three-step process involves

- Having the client monitor the impact of the INNER DIALOGUE on behavior when under stress,

- Rehearsing new SELF-TALK, and

- Implementing new SELF-TALK during the stressful situation.

Perls

Gestalt, Associated with rational-emotive behavior therapy.

Moreno

group therapy and PSYCHO-DRAMA

Pavlov

Classical Conditioning

Thorndike

Law of effect

Breur

taught Freud CATHARSIS

(the talking cure)

Rollo May

Introduced EXISTENTIAL COUNSELING in the U.S.

Spitz

Studied ORPHANS, "ANALYTIC DEPRESSION" in ABANDONED INFANTS created relationship difficulty later

Whitaker (Family)

Important to view the FAMILY AS A UNIT.

-Helps families set BOUNDARIES,

- develop a sense of who they are as families (family NATIONALISM)

- Taking apart and REJOINING the family

Satir

(Conjoint Family Therapy)

Strategic family therapy is generally associated with Haley and Madanes. INTEGRATED FAMILY THERAPY involves languaging.

Holland

- Developed the SDS, which involves looking at an individual's personality characteristics and matching them to clusters of job skills or interests.

- Career choices are expressions of one's personality.

- believes that environment interacts with personality characteristics when one chooses a career

Caplow

Theory ascribes to BIRTH ORDER and GENETICS as strongly influencing career choices.

Hoppock

(Career)

Theme

theory defines career choice as being influenced by one's NEEDS.

- suggests that people choose careers that meet some personal NEEDS. As part of this theory,

- Everyone has personal NEEDS and that an individual reacts to these NEEDS when making CAREER CHOICE

- Making career choices involves SELF-AWARENESS and understanding.

Krumboltz

A behaviorist and, therefore, is interested not only in genetic endowment but in environmental factors and learning social learning approach (Behavioristic)

-based on the work of Albert Bandura

experiences.

- Does not ascribe to early development an influence on career choice

- Believes that environment interacts with personality characteristics when one chooses a career

Crites

NEED diagnosis, the counseling process, and outcomes.

Bowen

(Family systems therapy)

--Inter Generational/extended

- triangulation

- genograms

-fusions: can't separate feeling and thinking

-differentiation within family members

Super

(Live Career Rainbow)

GEE MD

stage 1: Growth 0-14

stage 2: exploration 15-24

stage 3: establishment 25-44

stage 4: maintenance 45-64

stage 5: decline 65+

Carkhuff, Robert

(empathy)

Level 1 - not attending / detracting from client

Level 2 - subtracts noticeable affect from conversation

Level 3 - feelings expressed with client are basically interchangeable with client's meaning & affect

Level 4 - counselor adds noticeably to client's affect

Level 5 - counselor adds significantly to client's meaning even in deepest moments

Janov

Primal Scream Therapy

Horney (Karen)

Questioned Freud's Electra Complex

Roe

Personality Approach to Career Counseling

A job SATISFY UNCONSCIOUS NEEDSeed

Used fields and levels

Corey

Group Stages

ITWF

Initial stage - anxiety and uncertainty

Transition stage - explore difference, manage conflict

Working stage - cohesion and productivity

Final stage - closure

Members and leaders have jobs throughout

Williamson

Six steps of (Career Counseling)

(ACID--Please Come Fast))

Analysis,

-Synthesis,

- Diagnosis,

- Prognosis,

- Counseling,

- Follow-up

Satir's, Virginia

(4 inept patterns of family )

1) The placator = tries to please everyone

2) The blamer = (duh)

3) The Reasonable Analyzer = intellect

4) The Irrelevant Distracter = interrupts & changes topics

Yalom's group stages

orientation, conflict, cohesion, & termination

Ginzburg et al

FTRE

(e.g. Fantasy, Tentative 11-17, Realistic. Exploration lead to crystallization

Epictetus

Philosopher most closely related to REBT (said we feel the way we think)

Sullivan

CONSENSUAL VALIDATION

The process by which unhealthy interpersonal patterns are corrected. In consensual validation, a person arrives at a healthy consensus with one or more people about some aspect of his feelings, through individual interpersonal relationships, and this consensus is validated by repeated experiences which emphasize its soundness

Levison (Adult Stages)

Childhood/Adolescence

Early Adult Transition

Midlife

Late Adulthood

Freedman & Fraser

foot-in-the-door technique

Tiedeman & O'Hara

- anticipation/ preoccupation (considers)

- implementation/adjustment (actual)

Keagan

"holding environment" (in counseling)

client can make meaning in the face of a crisis and can find new direction

Keagan (6 stages)

(incorporative, impulsive, imperial, interpersonal, institutional, and interindividual)

Milton H. Erickson

brief psychotherapy

innovative techniques in hypnosis