period 5 1844-1877

James K. Polk

favored US expansion west

Proclamation Line

colonists couldn’t settle west of Ohio River Valley

Anti-Federalists

believed US was too big for central government to manage

Federalists

believed westward migration would solve all problems

Manifest Destiny

John O’ Sullivan, idea that god blessed the US and gave it a mission to spread over North America

Polk’s goals

lower tariffs, independent treasury, obtain Oregon, buy California

causes of Mexican American war

annexation of Texas (Mexico considered theirs), manifest destiny to acquire California

Texas

desirable for planters in need of new soil

Oregon

fertile soil

Oregon fever

when people migrated to Oregon because they heard about farmers’ great success

“54- 40 or fight”

America was willing to go to war with Britain over Oregon territory

California

massive migration here because of gold

Preemption Act

granted squatters the right to buy up to 160 acres of land before selling to the public

squatter

someone who made a home on land they did not own

Homestead Act

offered 160 acres of land with the conditions that they would live there and improve it for at least 5 years, land was FRE

Comanches

American Indian group in Texas that resisted westward expansion with violence

Mormons

Brigham Young; migrated to Utah to practice religion freely, settled near Great Salt Lake

Matthew Perry

forced Japan to open trade relations

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

ended the Mexican american war, granted US more than half of Mexico territory

Wilmot Proviso

David Wilmot tried to ban slavery on all of the new land acquired from Mexican American War, failed

effects of the war

US gained over half of Mexicos territory, slavery dispute, conflict with Native Americans and Mexicans

Comanche Nation

attacked and raided Mexican settlers before the war, Americans fought many conflicts with them and Kiowa

Juan Cortina

wealthy Mexican land owner

Cortina Wars

caused by occupation of land on US side of border, Cortina defeated by US forces, confined to Mexican territory of Rio Grande

John C. Calhoun

believed slavery is good, expansion with no restrictions

Lewis Cass

proposed idea of popular sovereignty to decide slavery

Compromise of 1850

Henry Clay; Cali would be admitted free state, rest would be decided by popular sovereignty, Washington DC would abolish slave trade, stricter Fugitive Laws

Fugitive slave Law

Americans would help return runaway enslaved people back to their enslaver without trial

Ableman V. Booth

struck down decision by Wisconsin Supreme Court, federal decisions over state, no state could challenged Fugitive Slave law

Irish

fled to Northern cities, worked low wage factory jobs, Catholic

Germans

migrated westward to establish farms and homesteads

Know-Nothing Party

built on nativist policies, hated immigrants

Free Soil movement

slavery opposition based on economic reasons

Abolitionist Movement

opposition of slavery based on morals, no slavery at all

Martin Delaney

free black man admitted to Harvard but expelled, join Fredrick Douglass and protest of equal rights

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

written by Harriet Beecher Stowe, depicted slavery as abusive, brutal, and evil

Aunt Phillis’s Cabin

South’s book in response, depicted slavery as happy and good

Underground Railroad

helped slaves escape

Harriet Tubman

made 19 trips to the South and freed 70 slaves

John Brown

believed slaves would never get their freedom without violence

10th amendment

any power not specifically said for the federal government is reserved for the states

Kansas-Nebraska Act

allowed states to decided legality of slavery through popular sovereignty, overturned Missouri Compromise

Bleeding Kansas

violent conflict where pro slavery and anti slavery would fight for control

Charles Sumner

Republican senator denounced slavery

Dred Scott V. Sandford

Blacks, free or not, were not citizens and did not have rights —> helped with expansion of slavery

Republicans

mainly in North, advocated free-soil position,

Democrats

South, advocated states’ rights and expansion on slavery

habeas corpus

citizens would be told the reasoning for their arrest

New York City Draft Riots

Irish immigrants; faced nativist resistance, slaves were free meaning there would be more job competition

Siege of Vicksburg

thousands of confederates surrendered, secured Mississippi River, confederacy cut in half

Gettysburg

turning point of the civil war

Bread riots

protests led by women against food shortages, high prices, and starvation —> signaled to confederates that they were neglecting their needs

Sherman’s March to the Sea

troops marches from Atlanta to Savannah destroying food supplies and railroads along the way