Marine Biology 2nd Semester Final

Animals w/ Radial Symmetry

Jellyfish, Sea Anenomes, Sea Stars

Animals w/ Bilateral Symmetry

Fish, Crab, Squid,

Examples of Porifera

Sponge

Examples of Cnidarian

Jellyfish, Sea Anenomes

Enchinodermata

Starfish, Sea Urchins

Mollusca

Clams, Snails

Arthropoda

Crabs, Lobster

Chordata

Humans, Fish

Order of Taxonomic Terms

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Benthic

Lives in Bottom of Ocean Floor

Pelagic

Lives in Open water column

What are the 3 S’s of Sand

Size, Shape, Sorting

Sorting

Well-Sorted= Similar Size, Poorly Sorted= Mixed Size

Shape

More Transport= Well- Rounded, Less Transport= Angular

Order of Sediment Sizes from Smallest to Largest

Clay, Silt, Fine Sand, Medium Sand, Coarse Sand

Winter VS. Summer Beach

Winter Beach has berm and dune erosion, Summer Beach has both high and low water without erosion

Energy Environment: Well-Sorted

These sediments use high to moderate energy that is relatively consistent

Energy Environment: Poorly Sorted

Extreme fluctuation in energy or sudden high energy catastrophes

Abiogenic Sand

Sand formed by the weathering and erosion of rocks and minerals

Biogenic Sand

Sand formed by skeletal remains and fragments of marine organisms

What makes a grain round and smooth, and other grains angular?

If a grain is transported more it will be more well-rounded, rather than angular

Open Circulatory System

Blood is not contained entirely within vessels but the heart pumps hemolymph into short vessels that open into sinuses/cavities within the body. EX: Mollusca (Clams/Snails), Arthropoda (Crab/Shrimp)

Closed Circulatory System

The blood is always contained within a network of vessels, such as arteries, veins, and capillaries. Ex: Cephalopods, Chordata (Mammals, Fish, Etc).

What is the marine chemical that makes up the shells of mollusks?

Calcium Carbonate

Animals: Bivalve

Clams, Mussels, Scallops, Oysters

Animals: Gastropod

Snails, Slugs, Nudibranches

Cephalopod

Squid, Octopuses, Cuttlefish, Nautilises

Animal: Polyplacophora

Chitons

Molluscan Feature: Foot

Muscular structure used for movement

Molluscan Feature: Mantle

Surrounds gills and organs, secretes calcium carbonate shell

Molluscan Feature: Mantle Cavity

Open internal space, CO2 & O2 are exchanged, contains visceral mass

Molluscan Feature: Visceral Mass

Contains all guts and internal organs

Endoskeleton

Internal armor for vital organs

Exoskeleton

All-around armor, encasing entire body in protective shield

The exoskeletons of bivalves are made of

Calcium Carbonate

The exoskeletons of crustaceans are made of

chitin

California Mussel

Exoskeleton

Decorator Crab

Exoskeleton

Sea Star

Endoskeleton

Crayfish

Exoskeleton

Sea Urchin

Endoskeleton

Moon Snail

Exoskeleton

Squid

Endoskeleton

Perch

Endoskeleton

Suspension Feeders

Consume microscopic phytoplankton, mucus lined gills

Grazers

Eat Benthic macroalgae directly attached to hard surfaces, use radulla

What are defense mechanisms Cephalopods have to protect themselves?

Chromatophores, Jet Propulsion (Helps quickly escape), Ink (Expel ink through siphon to escape)

Sessile

Stay in one place (Ex: Corals, Sponges, Barnacles)

Motile:

Move around (Ex: Fish, Jellyfish, Squid)

Ectoterms

Rely on external sources on heat to regulate body temp

Endotherms

Generate their own heat internally

Dogfish

Ectotherm

Mussel

Ectotherm

Perch

Ectotherm

Humpback Whale

Endotherm

Lamprey

Ectotherm

Periwinkle

Ectotherm

Crayfish

Ectotherm

Squid

Ectotherm

Humans

Endotherm

Adult echinoderms have ____ symmetry, but as a juvenile they have ____ symmetry.

radial, bilateral

How does a sea star attack a mussel and how do they eat them?

Sea star attaches its tube feet to the mussel’s shell. It then pushes its stomach out of its mouth to digest the mussels soft tissues before retracting its stomach.

Holothuroidea

Examples: Sea Cucumbers, Eats: Feed on the debris in the Benthic zone, Unique features: eject cuvierian tubes from anus, aposematic coloration

Asteroidea

Examples: Bivalves and Barnacles, Eats: Bivalves and Barnacles, Unique features: able to regrow lost arm as long as some part of the central disk remains in tact.

Echinodea

Examples: Sea Urchins and Sand Dollars, Eats: Algae, Plankton, Unique features: can create small depressions or use teeth to wedge themselves and hold on.

Ocean Acidification

Impacts marine animals with calcium carbonate shells as the pH lowers the temp of the water in the sea allowing for a chemical shift.

Keystone Species

Important organism that has a large impact on the natural environment due to the population size. The ecosystem could change or collapse drastically.

Give 3 reasons why arthropods are the most successful group of animals on Earth

Body Segmentation: Allows for Flexibility, A hard exoskeleton: Protective Layer, Jointed Appendages: Jaws, Walking, Swimming, Complex Sensory Organs: Strong smell, sight, touch

What is molting and why do marine arthropods molt?

The exoskeleton sheds and a new one are produced. They molt to allow physical growth, regenerate lost limbs, and to remove parasites.

Give two important functions of an exoskeleton and one limitation of an exoskeleton

Important: Protects Animals, Provides Attachment Point, Limitation: Bulky

Fish Swim Bladder

Adjusts buoyancy

Fish Gills

Allows to breathe underwater

Fish Stomach

Breaks down food chemically