Chap 13 medical terminology

What are the primary structures of the urinary system?

The kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.

What are the main functions of the urinary system?

Plasma filtering, waste removal, and maintaining electrolyte, acid-base, and water balance.

What does the affix 'nephr-' refer to?

Kidney

What does the affix 'cyst-' refer to?

Bladder

What does the affix '-uria' refer to?

Urine or urination

What does the affix 'pyelo-' refer to?

Renal pelvis

What does the affix 'lith-' refer to?

Stone

What does the affix 'mictu-' refer to?

To urinate

What does the affix '-emia' refer to?

In the blood

What does the affix 'juxta-' refer to?

Near

What is the approximate size of a kidney?

About the size of a fist.

What are the two main parts of the kidney?

The renal cortex and the renal medulla.

What hormone does the kidney release when blood oxygen levels are low?

Erythropoietin (EPO).

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

The nephron.

What are the two main sections of a nephron?

The renal corpuscle and the renal tubule.

What are the two parts of the renal corpuscle?

The glomerulus and the glomerular capsule.

What is the first step in the formation of urine?

Filtration.

What are the three main sections of the renal tubule?

The proximal convoluted tubule, the nephron loop (ascending and descending), and the distal convoluted tubule.

What is the correct order of filtrate flow starting from the glomerulus?

Glomerulus, glomerular capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct, minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis.

What process moves urine down the ureter?

Peristalsis.

What is the name of the smooth muscle in the wall of the urinary bladder?

Detrusor muscle.

Which urethral sphincter is under conscious control?

The external urethral sphincter.

What does the affix 'caps-' refer to?

Box

What does the affix 'glomus-' refer to?

Ball

What does the affix 'uro-' refer to?

Urination

Where is the urinary bladder located?

In the pelvic cavity between the pubic bone and the rectum.

What is the afferent arteriole?

A small blood vessel that leads into the glomerulus.

What is the function of the collecting duct?

A tube that collects filtrate from multiple nephrons to the minor calyx.

What is the detrusor muscle?

The smooth muscle in the wall of the bladder.

What is the distal convoluted tubule (DCT)?

The final coiled tube section of the nephron.

What is the efferent arteriole?

A small blood vessel that leads out of the glomerulus.

What is the external urethral sphincter?

A ring of skeletal muscle at the floor of the pelvis.

What is filtrate?

Fluid that has passed through the renal corpuscle.

What is the glomerular capsule (Bowman's capsule)?

A thin sac of the renal corpuscle that surrounds the glomerulus.

What is the glomerulus?

A tangled set of capillaries of the renal corpuscle.

What is the hilum of the kidney?

The indented concave medial surface of the kidney.

What is the internal urethral sphincter?

A ring of smooth muscle at the base of the bladder.

What is the kidney?

The bean-shaped main functional organ of the urinary system.

What is the major calyx?

A big chamber that collects fluid from multiple minor calyces.

What is the minor calyx?

A small chamber that collects fluid from the renal papilla.

What is the nephron loop (loop of Henle)?

The thin u-shaped tube of the nephron between the proximal and distal convoluted tubules responsible for concentrating urine.

What is a nephron?

The microscopic functional unit of the kidney.

What is peristalsis?

The wave-like contraction of smooth muscle.

What are peritubular capillaries?

Capillaries that surround the renal tubules of the nephron.

What is the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)?

The initial coiled tube of the nephron after the glomerular capsule.

What is the renal capsule?

The fibrous layer enclosing the kidney.

What is a renal column?

An extension of the renal cortex that separates adjacent renal pyramids.

What is the renal corpuscle?

The filtering unit of the nephron.

What is the renal cortex?

The outer region of the kidney.

What is the renal medulla?

The inner region of the kidney.

What is the renal papilla?

The tip of the renal pyramid.

What is the renal pelvis?

A funnel-shaped sac in the kidney that collects fluid from the major calyces.

What is a renal pyramid?

A triangular structure located in the renal medulla.

What is the renal tubule?

The tubular portion of the nephron.

What does retroperitoneal mean?

Located behind the peritoneum, the serous membrane of the abdominal cavity.

What are the three main processes of urine formation?

Glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion.

What is micturition?

The process of urination.

What is the primary composition of urine?

Water (95%), urea, and electrolytes like sodium and potassium.

Which components should not be present in healthy urine?

Red blood cells, excess protein, or glucose.

Define tubular secretion.

The process by which fluid or small molecules move from the peritubular capillaries into the renal tubule.

Define glomerular filtration.

The process by which fluid or small molecules move from the glomerulus into the glomerular capsule.

Define tubular reabsorption.

The process by which fluid or small molecules move from the renal tubules into the peritubular capillaries.

What is the first step of micturition?

The bladder wall stretches as it fills with urine.

Define antidiuretic.

A drug or chemical that decreases urine formation.

Define cystitis.

Inflammation of the bladder.

Define cystoscopy.

A medical procedure using a camera to examine the inside of the bladder.

Define dialysis.

A medical procedure to remove waste and fluid from the body when kidneys fail.

Define diuretic.

A drug or chemical that increases urine formation.

Define dysuria.

Painful urination.

Define hematuria.

Blood in the urine.

Define incontinence.

Lack of control over urination.

Define lithotripsy.

Medical treatment using ultrasound waves to break up kidney stones.

Define nephrectomy.

Surgical removal of one or both kidneys.

Define nephritis.

Inflammation of the kidneys.

Define nephrology.

The study of the kidneys.

Define polyuria.

Large discharge of dilute urine.

Define proteinuria.

Excess protein in the urine.

Define pyelogram.

Medical imaging of the urinary tract.

Define pyelonephritis.

Infection of the kidneys.

Define renal calculi.

Hard mineral deposits formed in the kidneys, also known as kidney stones.

Define urinalysis.

A test that analyzes urine components.

What is a bilateral nephrectomy?

Removal of both kidneys.

What does the suffix -itis mean?

Inflammation.

In the word juxtaglomerular, what do 'juxta-' and 'glomus' mean?

Juxta- means near and glomus means ball.

What is a pyelostomy?

A procedure in which an opening is created in the renal pelvis.

Which of the following is NOT part of a nephron: DCT, glomerulus, loop of Henle, or major calyx?

Major calyx.

What is the definition of anuria?

Absence of urine formation.

What is glycosuria?

Glucose present in the urine.

Which affix does NOT refer to the kidneys: cyst-, nephr-, or renal?

Cyst- (refers to the bladder).

What is urethrocystitis?

Inflammation of the urethra and bladder.

In the term nephrolithiasis, which part refers to stone?

Lith.

Which term means removal of the bladder?

Cystectomy.

What does the prefix 'olig-' in oliguria mean?

Producing very little urine.