Mem & Cog

Descartes' Belief

Descartes believed that we are our mind and exist outside of just our body.

Structuralism

Structuralism involves introspection and understanding the basic elements that comprise thought.

Empiricism

One of the founding assumptions of Empiricism is that everything around us, including our behaviors, is caused by other natural events.

Behaviorism Tenet

A tenet of Behaviorism is that all theories must be parsimonious, making the fewest possible assumptions.

Gestalt Psychology

A principle of Gestalt Psychology is that humans have a basic tendency to organize what we see.

Skinner's Belief

Skinner believed that behaviorism could explain language as a natural part of learning.

Atkinson-Shiffrin Model

The correct order of the stages is External Input -> Sensory Memory -> Short Term Memory -> Long Term Memory.

Parallel Distributed Processing

The principle that allows for greater complexity, flexibility, and accuracy is Parallel.

Double Dissociation

A double dissociation involves two brain areas where injury to one affects one task but not another, and vice versa.

PET and fMRI

fMRI directly measures changes in neural activities.

Inverse Problem

The inverse problem refers to the trade-off between qualities of objects that helps us identify them.

Top-Down Processing

Top-Down processing is strong when stimuli are incomplete or ambiguous.

Importance of Edges

Edges are important for visual recognition.

Simple Cells

Simple cells are good at detecting lines and edges.

Figure-Ground Organization

The ground appears farther and extends behind the figure.

Change Blindness

We demonstrate change blindness because we overuse top-down processing.

Distal vs

Distal refers to what is in the world, while proximal refers to our interpretation of the world.

Feature-Integration Theory

The Cocktail Party Phenomenon is related to the bottleneck theory, not feature integration.

Object Priming

Biederman and Cooper's experiment was about object priming.

Top-Down Processing Conditions

Object recognition is not entirely top-down processing; it combines both top-down and bottom-up processing.

Rueckl and Oden's Experiment

Bottom-Up processing had a larger effect than Top-Down in their experiment.

Tanaka and Farah's Experiment

Noses were most easily identifiable when presented in a whole face.

Alternatives to Face Processing Module

Perceptual Expertise refers to our training in recognizing faces throughout our lives.

Vision's Impact on Speech

Vision can aid speech perception by allowing us to see a person's lips while they talk.

General Mechanisms for Speech

All of the above support general mechanisms for speech perception.

Limited Attention

The limited property of attention states that not all sensory stimuli get continued processing simultaneously.

Bottleneck Theory

The Bottleneck theory of Attention supports early filters of attention.

Dichotic Listening Task

Participants fail to detect information from the unattended ear when speech is played backwards or when language changes.

Cocktail Party Effect

The Cocktail Party Effect describes how we can hear our name in a different conversation despite focusing on another.

Focused vs

Slower serial processing relates to focused attention.

Cell Phone Use

Reaction times during driving while using a cell phone are 20% slower than without.

Stroop Effect

The Stroop Effect test involves reading color words in different colored fonts.

Sperling & Melchner Study

Subjects could direct their attention to certain features but not certain spaces.

Johnston & Heinz Study

Reaction time was faster with gender than with occupation.

Attention as a Spotlight

Attention can be viewed as a spotlight that focuses on certain areas while leaving others less clear.

Orienting Attention Network

The orienting attention network is responsible for attention required for visual search.

Isolated vs

People can typically locate an isolated feature more quickly than a combined feature.

Eye Movement During Reading

While reading, our eyes make little jumps across the page rather than moving smoothly.

A behavioral perspective has trouble explaining which of the following

developmental stages that include different schemas

what did British empiricts support

events are predictable, natural, and caused by other natural events

what is true about the connectionist model (PDP)

binding errors occur as a result of combining information from separate cognitive processes

what is false about the visual system on edges

the visual system has no specialized neurons for detecting edges

it has recently been found that retrospective memory requires a functioning hippocampus, but prospective memory does not.. this represents a

dissociation

the first time you identify an object within a display, a contemporary cognitive psychologist will suggest your brain is using a

bottom up processing approach

which technique measures electrical activity directly

EEG

perception involves

an expectation of what should be present based on past experience, an expectation based on fragments in the current space, and current sensory input