Paper 2 - families + households: Topic 4

Denizens

________- privileged foreign nationals who are welcomed by the state and are paid highly.

Feminisation of migration

________- in the past, most migrants have been male.

Medical improvements

________- important innovations such as the introduction of antibiotics, immunisation, blood transfusion and the establishment of the NHS has meant that people are less likely to die of diseases and because of national health care with the NHS, everyone has access to healthcare and so less people die.

Life expectancy

________- the number if years an individual can expect to live.

Harper

Smoking and diet- ________ argued that the fall in death rate is due to less people smoking.

infant mortality

A decline in the ________ rate leads to a decrease in the birth rate.

Phillipson

________ argues that the old are already of no use to capitalism because they are no longer productive.

Emigration

________- movement out of a society.

Consumption

________ has becoem the key to peoples identities as people define themselves based on what they consume.

negative stereotyping

Increase in ageism- ageism is the ________ and unequal treatment of people on the basis of their age.

Immigration

________- movement into a society.

Net Migration

________- the difference between the number of immigrants and the number of emigrants.

UK

Mothers from outside the ________ have a higher fertility rate than those born in the ________.

dependency ratio

Women having fewer children means that the average age of the population is rising and therefore they are more older people than young people which again would mean that there is likely to be a decline in people working and sustaining public services and so may have negative impacts on things such as the ________.

Assimilation

________: the first state policy aimed at immigration that encourages the immigrants to adopt the language, culture and values of the host country.

Deep diversity

________ may be things such as the veiling of women which is not accepted by the state.

Population size

________ is increasing- because the net migration is increasing.

Multiculturalism

________: acknowledges that migrants may wish to retain a separate cultural identity.

Economic pull

________ factors- economic reasons to move into a country e.g.

Death rate

________- the number if deaths per 1000 of the population per year.

Public services

________- older people consume a larger proportion of services such as healthy social care than other age group such as health and social care than other age groups.

Better nutrition

________ increased the resistance to infection and increased the survival chances for those that were infected.

Immigration

________ has become linked to national security and anti- terrorism.

Change in womens position

women have more legal equality to men and there are more women in paid employment in addition to women also having the Equal Pay Act

Child centredness

there has been an increase in child centredness as childhood is a social construct that is deemed an important segment of a persons life

Effects on the family

Women are more free to go back to work because they are caring for less children

The dependency ratio

the dependency ratio is the relationship between the size of the working and productive part of the economy and the size of the non-working dependent part of the population

Effects on public services

Fewer schools and ‘maternity and child health services may be needed

Death rate

the number if deaths per 1000 of the population per year

Life expectancy

the number if years an individual can expect to live

Improved nutrition

McKneown argues that improved nutrition accounted for up to half of the reduction in death rates

Smoking and diet

Harper argued that the fall in death rate is due to less people smoking

Public health measures

These are laws and polices that were put in place in order to improve the health of the population and remove any health issues that were related to poor housing

Medical improvements

important innovations such as the introduction of antibiotics, immunisation, blood transfusion and the establishment of the NHS has meant that people are less likely to die of diseases and because of national health care with the NHS, everyone has access to healthcare and so less people die

Other social changes

decline of dangerous manual job occupations such as mining, smaller families mean that there is less transmission and infection of disease, greater public knowledge about the cause of disease, higher incomes so people have a better quality of life

One person households

the number of pensioners living aloe has increased and one person pensioner households account fro 12.5% of all households in the UK

Increase in ageism

ageism is the negative stereotyping and unequal treatment of people on the basis of their age

Public services

older people consume a larger proportion of services such as healthy social care than other age group such as health and social care than other age groups

Structured of dependency

old people are largely excluded from paid work, leaving him there economically on their family or the street

Hunt (2005) argues that this means that we can choose a lifestyle and identiity regardless of age

our age no longer determines who we are

Migration

movement in and out of a country

Immigration

movement into a society

Emigration

movement out of a society

Net Migration

the difference between the number of immigrants and the number of emigrants

Economic push factors

economic reasons to leave a country e.g

Economic pull factors

economic reasons to move into a country e.g

Other reasons

better standard of living, escape war

population size is increasing

because the net migration is increasing

The age structure changes

immigration lowers the average age of the population both directly and indirectly

Indirectly because immigrant women have a higher fertility ratio

they have more babies

The dependency ratio

2 effects

Feminisation of migration

in the past, most migrants have been male

The politicisation of migration

due to the increased flow of migrants, migration has become more of a political issue

- Assimilation

the first state policy aimed at immigration that encourages the immigrants to adopt the language, culture and values of the host country

- Multiculturalism

acknowledges that migrants may wish to retain a separate cultural identity

- Cohen

3 types of migrants

Citizens

with full citizenship and rights

Denizens

privileged foreign nationals who are welcomed by the state and are paid highly

Helots

most exploited group and employers see them as ‘disposable units of labour power