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Absolutism

The period from the 1500s to the 1600s when monarchs in Europe had absolute power and divine right to rule.

Charles the 5th

Holy Roman Emperor who ruled Spain and eventually divided the Holy Roman Empire.

Philip the 2nd

Absolute monarch of Spain, married to Bloody Mary, and had the Spanish Armada.

Elizabeth the 1st

Queen of England who hired Sir Francis Drake to steal gold from Spanish ships and defeated the Spanish Armada.

Charles the 2nd

Last Spanish Habsburg king.

Henry the 4th

Issued a law to protect French Calvinists (Huguenots) and created a bureaucracy to increase loyalty.

Louis the 13th

King of France who inherited the throne at a young age and had Cardinal Richelieu as his advisor.

Louis the 14th

Known as the Sun King, ruled France for 72 years, and moved the capital from Paris to Versailles.

Henry the 15th

Fights between nobles, middle class, and lower class leading to the French Revolution.

War between German Empire & Habsburg Family

War between German princes and the Habsburg family, causing depopulation and dividing Germany into 360 states.

Frederick William the 1st

Known as Frederick the Great, created the largest army in Europe and started new rivalries.

Peter the Great

First Russian Tsar to westernize the country, fought the Ottoman Empire for a warm water port, and built St. Petersburg.

Catherine the Great

Took control of Russia, encouraged westernization, and used the navy to expand Russia's territory.

Henry the 7th

Fought in the War of the Roses and became king.

Henry the 8th

King of England who was concerned about having a male heir and had two daughters, including Elizabeth.

James the 5th

King of Scotland who became James the 1st of England and clashed with Parliament.

Charles the 1st

Son of James the 1st, wanted war against Spain and France, and started a war with Parliament.

Oliver Cromwell

Led the Roundheads in the English Civil War, executed Charles the 1st, and established a republic known as the Commonwealth.

Charles the 2nd

Son of Charles the 1st, became a constitutional monarch, and was known as the Merry Monarch.

James the 2nd

Brother of Charles the 2nd, tried to assume absolute power but was removed by Parliament, leading to William and Mary becoming the new monarchs.

William & Mary

Monarchs who signed the English Bill of Rights, ensuring the power of Parliament and the rights of English citizens.

The English Bill of Rights

Passed in 1689, it outlined the powers of the monarch, addressed ways to petition the monarch, and protected freedom of speech.

Enlightenment

A period of new ideas and thinking in Europe during the 18th century, influenced by scientific discoveries and led to changes in society, politics, and government.

Enlightenment Thinkers

Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Voltaire, Jean Jacques Rousseau, and Baron Montesquieu, who had different ideas about government, freedom, and natural rights.

American Revolution

The colonists' revolt against British rule, influenced by grievances such as the Proclamation Act, Stamp Act, and Intolerable Acts.

French and Indian War

Conflict between France and England over their North American colonies, resulting in British dominance and increased taxes on the colonists.

Treaty of Paris

Signed in 1763, it made Great Britain the dominant power in North America and led to tensions between the colonists and the British government.

Grievances

Unpopular acts and taxes imposed by the British government on the American colonists, leading to protests and revolts such as the Boston Massacre and Boston Tea Party.

Call of Arms

The formation of militias, such as the Minutemen, and the appointment of George Washington as the leader of the Continental Army in response to British actions.

Thomas Paine's pamphlet on the reasons for colonists declaring independence

Second Continental Congress and its focus on revolution

Writing of the Declaration of Independence and Articles of Confederation

Sending of the Olive Branch Petition and rejection by King George

Patriots vs

British soldiers as Red Coats and American soldiers as Continental soldiers or Yankee Doodles

The shot heard around the world at Concord and Lexington

Turning point of the American Revolution after the Declaration of Independence

French navy's assistance to American colonists

Battle of Yorktown as the last major battle of the American Revolutionary War

Treaty of Paris 1783 and the end of the war

Issues with the Articles of Confederation and the Shay's Rebellion

Constitutional Convention to amend the Articles of Confederation

France's three classes of people

clergy, nobility, bourgeoisie, and peasants

Causes of the French Revolution

deficit spending, palace relocation, tax burden, and war debt

Estates General and the unfair voting system

Tennis Court Oath and the formation of the National Assembly

Storming of the Bastille and its significance

The Great Fear and its impact on the French Revolution

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and its principles

Persian women's mob and the transfer of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette to Paris

The Declaration of Pillnitz and the threat of war

Reign of Terror and the Committee of Public Safety

Third constitution and the creation of the 5-man Directory

Napoleon's background and military education

Napoleon's rise to power and the Napoleonic Code

Battles of Marengo, Trafalgar, Jena, and Auerstadt

Continental System and its impact on Britain and North America

War of 1812 and the French navy's assistance to the US

Challenges faced by Napoleon

Spanish resistance, loss in Russia, and the Battle of the Nations

Napoleon's defeat at the Battle of Waterloo and exile to St