Ch 10 The Skeletal System

Axial and appendicular skeleton

The two main sections of the skeletal system.

Bone composition

20 percent water, with the remainder being minerals and organic matter.

Number of bones at birth vs. adulthood

270 bones at birth, which reduce through fusion to 206 by adulthood.

Six functions of the skeleton

Support, protection, muscle attachment, providing body shape, blood cell formation, and calcium storage.

Vertebrae in the spinal column

24 individual vertebrae (cervical, thoracic, and lumbar) plus the sacrum and coccyx.

Skull

The skeletal structure composed of a cranial and facial portion that protects the brain.

Rib cage

A structure consisting of 12 pairs of ribs that protects the heart and lungs.

Long bones

The type of bones found primarily in the upper and lower extremities.

Phalanges

The bones that make up both the fingers and the toes.

Pelvic girdle joints

Joined anteriorly at the symphysis pubis and posteriorly at the sacrum.

Joint

The location where two or more bones join together, held in place by ligaments.

Bursa

A saclike structure in a joint that contains synovial fluid to reduce friction.

Fracture types

Vary from greenstick to simple/closed, to various forms of compound/open and other involved types.

Bone healing process

An inflammatory reaction leads to a fibrous bridge and cartilage cells, which accumulate calcium to form a callus.

Phantom limb

A sensation where pain or feeling is experienced in a limb that has been amputated.

Skeletal diagnostic examinations

Arthroscopy, bone scan, CT scan, MRI, and X-ray.

Arthritis types discussed

Osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.

System interaction diseases

Diseases that affect multiple body systems, specifically highlighted as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoporosis.

Bone and joint replacement materials

Bone borrowed from another body site, a cadaver, sea coral, or artificial parts.

Sprain

An injury to a joint involving the stretching or tearing of ligaments.

Subluxation

A partial dislocation of a joint.

Kyphosis, lordosis, and scoliosis

Three types of abnormal spinal curvatures discussed as diseases/disorders.