Sociology Exam 3

race and ethnicity are rooted in

cultural creations

which of the following refers to a category of people widely perceived as sharing physical characteristics?

race

people are continually redefining ethnic identities

true

which factors are most important in understanding how skin tone became linked with race

cultural beliefs, power relationships, and social structure

the basis of racism began with

Linnaeus’s racial hierarchy

Linnaeus’s racial hierarchy

invented 4 subspecies of Homo sapiens, included judgmental and physical traits

what are the real world consequences of ideas about race and ethnicity?

the ideas affect patterns of action

which statements are true about ethnicity in many parts of the world?

people are more concerned with a person’s tribe and clan than with their skin color, ethnicity is more important than race

which of the following are people of the same race widely perceived as sharing

physical characteristics

what impact does focusing on physical traits have on people?

it influences the way the dominant groups interact with minorities

which statements are true regarding the Hispanic label?

correct: the label was popularized in the 1970s by grassroots activists, in the US the label applies to people who came from spanish-speaking countries or those whose ancestors did

incorrect: hispanic is not treated as a racial category, the term hispanic is not recognized in the US census

which of the following physical features is most closely identified with racial differences in the United States

skin color

racism is the belief that

one race is inherently superior to another

what term is used to describe exaggerated, distorted, or untrue generalizations about categories of people that do not acknowledge individual variation

stereotype

in a pluralistic society, various groups recognize and maintain their differences, but the differences have no impact on anyone’s standing

true

what defines a minority group

less economic and political power than majority groups

when a majority group and a minority group blend or mix to form a new group, it is called

amalgamation

the process by which members of a minority group come to adopt the culture of a majority group is called

assimilation

which are examples of passing?

immigrants changing their names to better blend with the dominant culture, light-skinned blacks concealing their race and changing their hair

which historical events contributed to ideas about race and ethnicity in the United States

the enslavement of Africans, the immigration of Europeans, and the recruitment of Asian laborers

before europeans established their first permanent settlements, an estimated 5 million people lived in both North and South America

false - an estimated 50 million people lived in both North and South America

______ are the largest Latino group in the United States

Mexican Americans

which of the following are correct regarding the migration of Cubans into the United States in the 1960s

correct: many Cubans were fleeing communism, mostly middle-class and upper-class Cubans came

incorrect: only poor Cubans migrated to the United States, most of the immigrants were communist supporters

the WASP label contains which of the following

ethnicity, race, and religion

what happened to many indentured servants who were working to gain their freedom?

they died

who was the Cuban leader that led affluent middle and upper Cubans to flee to America

Fidel Castro

which of the following statement about WASPs are true

WASPs believed in white racial superiority in the early days of the United States, they were the first immigrants to what eventually became the United States, WASPs were not a single unified group

the first enslaved Africans to arrive in America experiences which of the following

correct: they were treated similarly to indentured servants, they lived with white servants, they had the ability to travel to some extent

incorrect: they had no legal rights and could not sign contracts

indentured servants in the United States

were subjected to brutal and harsh labor, worked for a period of 4-7 years, were white and poor

which group of Asian Americans migrated to the United States in the thousands from 1850-1880 in search of gold-mining work

chinese americans

as the supply of indentured servants decreased

there was an increase in the dependence on black slaves

who of the following benefited from slavery

George Washington, members of a white planter aristocracy, northerners engaged in such industries as shipbuilding and rum distilleries

which are reasons Chinese people first began immigrating to the United States?

They were fleeing the Opium Wars, they arrived in search of better economic conditions

one of the heaviest concentrations of white Americans is found in the

midwest

in what ways have patterns of immigration changed in the post Civil Rights era

global migration increased and the immigration and nationality act of 1965 eliminated discriminatory national quotas

hispanic and latinx americans are concentrated in which of the following regions of the United States

southwest, west

which approach is more characteristic of earlier immigrants in the United States than of immigrants today

assimilate into the dominant culture

which of the following statements about why racial and ethnic diversity in the united states is increasing are true

white women tend to have fewer children than some minority groups, recent immigrants tend to be of childbearing age

which of the following did the immigration and nationality act of 1965 do

immigrants from latin america and asia increased, it favored family members of US citizens, skilled workers, and political refugees, it allowed naturalized immigrants to sponsot family members as new immigrants

which characteristics define transnational migrants

migrants with strong personal, cultural, and economic ties to country of birth, migrants with ties to their newly adopted home

which factors have contributed to the increase in unauthorized immigrants

• the bracero program of the 1940s recruited Mexicans as legal temporary workers, but remained after the program ended

• US employers recruit immigrant laborers, including unauthorized immigrants

• NAFTA eliminated barriers to cross border trade and resulted in displaced Mexican workers looking for oppurtunities in the United States

which of the following elements are important in the contact hypothesis

contact needs to be sanctioned by the authorities, contact helps reduce prejudice, contact involves members of different groups

which case led to a growing acceptance of interracial marriages in the United States

Loving v Virginia

what do some white employers refer to in order to justify not hiring blacks

crime rates in black communities

—- refers to the socially constructed cultural expectations associated with women and men

gender

the —- contributes either an X or a Y chromosome to an embryo

father

the popular media often highlight misinterpretations and pseudoscience regarding supposedly innate differences between the sexes

true

when do we begin to be taught our culture’s expectations regarding gender

from infancy

gender —- is identification with being a woman, a man, or some combination of the two

identity

—- is the biological distinction between females and males

sex

the intersection of gender with race and class creates a variety of masculinities

true, there is no single interpretation of masculinity

a culture that encourages boys to be different from girls —- the options available to boys

limits

men dominate some scientific fields, such as engineering, because

there is a greater social expectation that they will work in scientific fields

a gender role is

a set of social expectations regarding behavior and attitudes based on a person’s sex

—- of the differences we associate with men and women are culturally produced, not biologically based

almost all

gender identity is

largely learned

masculinity

refers to the properties and characteristics specifically associated with men

in a classic 1987 article, West and Zimmerman argued that gender is

constantly being created

the ideology that one sex is superior to the other is called

sexism

gender socialization begins

almost from the moment a baby is born

what did Karin Martin’s 1998 research show about teachers

they allowed boys to be more disruptive and behave more informally, they reprimanded girls more often for not behaving formally

the concept of toxic masculinity can be associated with acts of violence perpetrated by males

true

creating gender through interactions in particular social settings is known as “ —- gender “

doing

Karin Martin (1998) found that preschoolers help children develop a gendered identity by

altering how they relate to their own bodies

which of the following agents of socialization is associated with the development of toxic masculinity

peers

gender stratification

refers to the systematic and unequal distribution of power and resources in society between women and men

which of the following enabled women to breastfeed less often

the emergence of germ theory of disease

—- in the United States —- marked by substantial gender inequality

every social institution; is

the phenomenon of employed women still having primary responsibility for housework and childcare is called

the second shift

as a result of cultural innovations, the sex differences between women and men became

less significant

in the united states women in 2017 earn approximately —- % of what men do

80

it was not until 1992 that women in the senate got

their own bathroom

which of the following scenarios best illustrate the “ second shift “

alan and marie both work full-time jobs. however, marie still has to take primary responsibility for the housework and children

religious writings and teachings are often used to justify —- in social life

male domination

while men and women engage in intimate partner violence at roughly the same rate, men’s violence towards women tend to

carry more severe consequences, be more serious, and be more often aimed at controlling women

lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals are —- likely to be the victims of severe intimate partner violence than are heterosexuals

more

the world’s largest religions —- in rituals and in institutional governance

reports indicate that cultural acceptance of violence against women has been —- in recent years

decreasing

which of the following is a norm restricting sexual relations between certain relatives?

the incest taboo

intimate partner violence causes about —% of all murders where the victim is a woman

39

one major study found that —- of rape victims were raped by a stranger

less than a quarter

which of the following statements correctly describes what sociologists believe concerning sexuality as a social construction?

culture heavily influences our sexual behavior

the world health organization estimates that the rates of intimate partner violence in southeast asia is 50% higher as compared to rates in europe

true

which of the following are true about sexuality

it is related to biologically based sex characteristics, it is a social construction

human sexuality is a set of socially regulated practices that

vary across cultures and over time

during the 20th century both women and men were expected to refrain from premarital sexual activity

false

heterosexism

is a set of attitudes and behavior that indicate an assumption that everyone is heterosexual

proponents of feminist porn believe that nontraditional pornography does which of the following

challenges dominant images of sexuality, highlights diversity

which of the following statements is false regarding the social norms regarding sexual activity in the United States during the 20th century

women had easy access o many different types of birth control

which assertions are argued by queer theory

sexual identities are socially constructed, sexual identities can evolve

objecting to Parsons and other functionalist assumptions, feminist theories argued that

there was no reason why individuals could not perform both instrumental and expressive tasks

first wave feminism took place

during the late 19th and the early 20th centuries

which factors are part of feminist critiques of pornography

the exploitative and dangerous practices of the porn industry that affect porn workers, the negative impact or porn’s stereotypes and violence on consumers and society

feminist critics of functionalist theories pointed out that

Parson’s model of family life was limited to a particular middle class version that was dominant in the United States in the mid-twentieth century, a significant portion of women were already in the labor force

third wave feminism refers to activism beginning in the

1990s

gender convergence

is a trend toward increasing similarity in how women and men live

sexual convergence

gender convergence that has gradually changed the sexual double standard between men and women

Susan B Antony was a leader during

first-wave feminism

family

refers to two or more people, related either by birth or through social commitment, who share resources, care for any dependents, and often maintain close emotional relationships

according to the functionalist view, which of the following are important functions that the family performs

material aid, emotional comfort, sexual regulation, and socialization