Secondary Court Cases

Lemon v. Kurtzman

Created test for church/state separation laws.

Mapp v. Ohio

Illegal evidence can’t be used in court.

Texas v. Johnson

Flag burning is protected free speech.

Miller v. California

Defined what counts as obscene (not protected speech).

Griswold v. Connecticut

Right to privacy includes contraception.

Miranda v. Arizona

Police must read suspects their rights.

Korematsu v. U.S.

Upheld Japanese internment (now heavily criticized).

Grutter v. Bollinger

Race can be considered in college admissions.

Gitlow v. New York

First Amendment applies to states.

Obergefell v. Hodges

Legalized same-sex marriage.

Plessy v. Ferguson

Allowed “separate but equal” segregation.

Lawrence v. Texas

Struck down bans on same-sex relationships.

UC v. Bakke

Affirmative action allowed, but quotas banned.

Gratz v. Bollinger

Race-based point systems in admissions ruled unconstitutional.