Ch. 5 - Eukaryotic Diversity

What does coccoid mean?

• Spherical or circular; not perfectly round

What is a protist?

• Old term for any eukaryote that is not a plant, fungus, or animal

What are the two types of protists?

• Protozoa

• Algae

What is the distinguishing characteristic of protozoa?

• No cell wall

What is Giardia known for?

Supergroup: Excavata

• Most common protozoa within human internal parasite within the U.S.

How many pairs of flagella does Giardia have?

Supergroup: Excavata

• Four pairs of flagella

What is the supergroup of the genus Giardia?

• Supergroup: Excavata

What is the most common species within Giardia? What does it cause?

Supergroup: Excavata

• Giardia lamblia: causes Giardiasis

What two reproductive structures does Giardia contain?

• Cyst; outside of human

• Trophozoite; once inside host

What group is the genus Eimera from?

• Supergroup: Chromeolavata

• Group: Apicomplexan

What types of reproduction does Eimera have?

• Sexual and asexual reproduction

What 5 structures does Eimera use for reproduction?

Protist Life Cycle

1. Sporozoites

2. Trophozoites

3. Schizogeny/Schizonts

4. Merozoite

5. Syngamy

What preliminary reproductive structure do eimerias and other genuses exist as outside of hosts?

Eimera

• Oocysts exist outside of chickens in feces; then transmitted

What do sporozoites consist of in the life cycle of the protist?

• Motile, spore like stage

What are the trophozoites during the life cycle of the protist?

• Growing and feeding stage (inside human)

What occurs in sphizogeny? What are the products of this called?

• Asexual reproduction of protists/protozoa (1 —> 8 nuclei)

daughter cells called schizonts

What are the merozoites in the life cyccle?

• After the nucleus divides; many smaller nuclei released from schizonts

What occurs in syngamy?

• Sexual reproduction

What is polyphyletic?

• Many phyla or groups; don’t share evolutionary origin, not really related

What are the six supergroups of eukaryotic microbes?

1. Archaeplastida

2. Amoebazoa

3. Opisthokonta

4. Excavata

5. Rhizaria

6. Chromalveolata

What are 5 common protist structures?

1. Plasmalemma

2. Contractile vacuole

3. Endoplasm

4. Ectoplasm

5. Nucleus

What is the plasmolemma within a protist?

• Under the cell membrane, provides support

What is the function of the contractile vacuole?

Protist

• Takes up water, aka osmoregulation

What is the endoplasm?

Protists

• Inner cytoplasm

What is the ectoplasm?

Protist

• Outer cytoplasm

What is the supergroup of the genus Paramecium?

• Supergroup: Chromalveolata

How is Paramecium described? Where is it found?

Supergroup: Chromalveolata

• Free living ciliated often in aquatic habitats

What is cilia?

• Hair like appendages

Is Paramecium generally pathogenic?

Supergroup: Chromalveolata

• Nonpathogenic (can become pathogenic via plasmid with virulence)

What is the supergroup and of Balantidium/Paramecium Coli? What can only do as a ciliate?

Supergroup: Chromalveolata

• Only ciliate that can parasitize humans

What is the supergroup of the Group: Apicomplexan?

• Supergroup: Chromalveolata

What kind of structures does the group apicomplexans have? Its function?

Supergroup: Chromalveolata

• Apical complex organelles and microtubules: for attachment to host cells

What are the two most common species within Plasmodium?

Supergroup: Chromalveolata

Group: Apicomplexan

• Plasmodium falciparum

• Plasmodium vivax

What is P. falciparum known for? What does it cause?

Supergroup: Chromalveolata

Group: Apicomplexan

• Species causing the most lethal form of malaria malignant malaria

What organ does P. falciparum multiply in humans? To enter what?

Supergroup: Chromalveolata

Group: Apicomplexan

• Grows in liver; to enter blood stream

How does T. gondii affect the hosts it invades? Why?

Supergroup: Chromalveolata

Group: Apicomplexan

• Lessens the fear within an animal to become violent releasing blood; to reach its preferred host—felines

high mortality rate

What kind of movement does the Group: Entamoeba use?

Supergroup: Amoebaza

• Protozoan with amoeboid movement

What structure do entamoebas use for movement?

Supergroup: Amoebaza

• Pseudopods: false feet/fingers

What two species are found within the group entamoeba?

Supergroup: Amoebaza

• Entamoeba histolytica

• Naegleria fowleri

What does Entamoeba histolytica cause?

Supergroup: Amoebaza

Group: Entamoeba

• Causes dysentery (most studied apart from giardia)

What is Naegleria fowleri known as?

Supergroup: Amoebaza

Group: Entamoeba

• Brain eating amoeba

What is the supergroup of the group euglena?

• Supergroup: Excavata

What structures does group euglena contain?

Supergroup: Excavata

• Chloroplasts; photosynthesis

• Stigma: light sensing organism

Are euglena pathogenic?

Supergroup: Excavata

• Generally nonpathogenic

How is euglena a fierce predator?

Supergroup: Excavata

• Fierce predator; for ciliates and microbes

What is the supergroup of parasitic helminths (worms)?

• Supergroup: Opisthokonta

What are the two groups within the supergroup opisthokonta? What are they also known as?

• Group: Nematodes (roundworms)

• Group: Platyhelminthes (flatworms)

What two types of flatworms are there?

Supergroup: Opisthokonta

Group: Platyhelminthes

• Flukes; trematodes

• Tapeworms; cestodes

What structure do cestodes or tapeworms have aid as a parasite? How are their reproductive organs arranged?

Supergroup: Opisthokonta

Group: Platyhelminthes

• Hooks at the head to latch on to intestines: scolex

hemaphrodites

About how many of helminths are parasitic? Multi or singlecelled?

Supergroup: Opisthokonta

• 1/2 are parasitic; multicelled animals

What is the example of a nematode?

Supergroup: Opisthokonta

Group: Nematode

• Pinworms

What symptom do pinworms cause?

Supergroup: Opisthokonta

Group: Nematode

• Sleeplessness

About how much of the US population has antibodies for pinworms? What are they called?

Supergroup: Opisthokonta

Group: Nematode

• 14% has pinworm antibodies; toxocara canus and cati

cats and dogs

What is the example the group platyhelminthes? Segmented or nonsegmented?

Supergroup: Opisthokonta

Group: Platyhelminthes

• Blood flukes (trematodes); non segmented flatworm

How do flukes or trematodes feed?

Supergroup: Opisthokonta

Group: Platyhelminthes

• Oral sucker

What infection do flukes or trematodes cause?

Supergroup: Opisthokonta

Group: Platyhelminthe

• Schistosomiasis; second most parasitic infection

What does schistomiasis cause?

Supergroup: Opisthokonta

Group: Platyhelminthes

Trematodes (flukes)

• Erosion of blood vessels, blood urine, inflammation of genitals

Where is schistomiasis prevalent?

• North Africa

What occurs in stage 1 of the life cycle of schistosoma?

Supergroup: Opisthokonta

Group: Platyhelminthes

Class: Trematodes (flukes)

1. In infected persons urine or feces

What occurs in stage 2 of the life cycle of schistosoma?

Supergroup: Opisthokonta

Group: Platyhelminthes

Class: Trematodes (flukes)

2. Eggs hatch, enter snail to develop releasing sporocytes

What occurs in stage 3 of the life cycle of schistosoma?

3. Release eggs free swimming into water

What occurs in stage 4 of the life cycle of schistosoma?

4. Penetrates skin of people in water

What occurs in stage 5 of the life cycle of schistosoma?

5. Enters circulation, live in GI vessels

What occurs in stage 6 of the life cycle of schistosoma?

6. Migrate to rectum, liver, bladder; lay eggs again to be in water

Are fungi multicelled or single celled?

• Both multicellular and unicellular, macro or microscopic

What is the purpose of fungi?

• To recycle nutrients

How are fungi heterotrophs?

• Eat others, to obtain nutrients

How are fungi saprobes?

• Feed off of dying material, decomposers

What are opportunistic versus true pathogens in fungi?

• True pathogen: always pathogenic

• Opportunistic pathogen: normally not pathogenic, but take over when immunocompromised

What are the cells wall in fungi made up of?

• Made up of chitin

How is mold different from fungi?

• Mold; multicellular

• Fungi; unicellular

What does fungi produce?

• Produce antibiotics and food

What type of lipids does fungi have in the cell membrane?

• Ergosterol; type of lipid

What is the example of fungi given?

• Histoplasma capsulatum

Is histoplasma capsulatum yeast or mold? What is this called?

• Dimorphic; yeast or mold depending on environment

In what environment is fungi mold? Yeast?

• Mold; in soil

• Yeast; in lungs

What kind of fungus is histoplasma capsulatum?

• Soil fungus

Where does histoplasma capsulatum grow best?

• Grows best in. the presence of bird or bat droppings

What fungal structures are sexual?

Canada Albicans

• Ascus and ascospores

What fungal structures are asexual?

• Hyphae and sporangium

What are hyphae?

• Multicelled strands of molds

How does septate hyphae appear?

• With division

Molds

How does coenocytic (nonseptate) hyphae appear?

• No division

Molds

What is budding?

• Asexual reproductive process of yeast

What are pseudohyphae?

• False hyphae; chains of budding on yeast

What are lichen?

• symbiotic relationships between fungi and algae

What is the function of lichen?

• Can function to assess air quality