Psychological Disorders and Neurocognitive Performance

These vocabulary flashcards cover personality disorders across Clusters A, B, and C, paraphilic disorders, sexual dysfunctions, the schizophrenia spectrum, and neurocognitive disorders based on the provided lecture transcript.

Personality Disorder

An ingrained pattern relating to other people, situations, and events that is rigid, unyielding, unhealthy, and dates back to adolescence or early adulthood.

Paranoid Personality Disorder

Characterized by pervasive suspiciousness or distrust of others, where the individual is always on guard against potential danger or harm.

Schizoid Personality Disorder

Involves an inability or indifference to form social relationships and a very limited range of emotional experience and expression.

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

Involves odd beliefs, behavior, appearance, and interpersonal style, often including magical thinking and beliefs in psychic phenomenon.

Histrionic Personality Disorder

Characterized by exaggerated emotional reactions and theatricality in everyday behavior, where the individual feels unappreciated if not the center of attention.

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

Characterized by an unrealistic, exaggerated sense of self-importance, a preoccupation with being admired, and a lack of empathy for others.

Agentic factor (Narcissism)

A factor covering the construct of narcissism involving a desire for control on one's own behalf or on the behalf of another.

Antagonistic factor (Narcissism)

A factor covering the construct of narcissism characterized by showing or feeling active opposition or hostility toward someone or something.

Neurotic factor (Narcissism)

The trait disposition to experience negative affects, including anger, anxiety, self-consciousness, irritability, emotional instability, and depression.

Grandiose Narcissism

Subtype of narcissism involving traits related to grandiosity, aggression, and dominance, characterized by intense entitlement and high self-esteem.

Vulnerable Narcissism

Subtype of narcissism involving a fragile and unstable sense of self-esteem where arrogance serves as a façade for intense shame and hypersensitivity to rejection.

Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD)

Characterized by a disregard for society’s moral or legal standards and an impulsive and risky lifestyle, requiring symptoms of conduct disorder before age $15$.

Psychopathy

A cluster of traits including lack of remorse, poor judgment, failure to learn from experience, extreme egocentricity, and incapacity for love.

Response Modulation Hypothesis

The theory that individuals high in psychopathy are unable to pay attention to secondary cues rather than switch attention as needed.

Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)

Characterized by a pervasive pattern of poor impulse control and instability in mood, interpersonal relationships, and sense of self.

Emotional Dysregulation

A lack of awareness or acceptance of emotions, and an inability to control the intensity or duration of emotional reactions.

Avoidant Personality Disorder

Characterized by low estimation of social skills and a fear of disapproval, rejection, and criticism while desiring social relationships.

Dependent Personality Disorder

Characterized by an extremely passive nature and a tendency to cling to other people, resulting in an inability to make independent decisions.

Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD)

Preoccupation with intense perfectionism and inflexibility manifested in worrying, indecisiveness, and behavioral rigidity without true obsessions or rituals.

Paraphilic Disorders

Behaviors involving recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, urges, or behaviors involving nonhuman objects, children, nonconsenting persons, or suffering.

Pedophilic Disorder

A paraphilic disorder where an adult is sexually aroused by prepubescent children; must be at least $18$ and at least $5$ years older than the victim.

Exhibitionistic Disorder

Involves intense sexual urges and fantasies related to the exposure of genitals to a stranger.

Voyeuristic Disorder

A compulsion to derive sexual gratification from observing the nudity or sexual activity of others.

Fetishistic Disorder

A preoccupation with an object where the individual depends on that object rather than sexual intimacy with a partner for gratification.

Partialism

A form of fetishistic attraction where an individual is interested solely in sexual gratification from a specific body part other than genitals.

Frotteuristic Disorder

Involves intense sexual urges or fantasies of rubbing against or fondling an unsuspecting stranger in crowded areas.

Sexual Masochism Disorder

Attraction to achieving sexual gratification by having painful stimulation applied to one's own body.

Sexual Sadism Disorder

Being sexually aroused from the physical or psychological suffering of another person.

Transvestic Disorder

Refers to the behavior of dressing in the clothing of the other sex for sexual gratification, causing distress or impairment.

Sexual Dysfunction

An abnormality in an individual's sexual responsiveness and reactions not attributed to a psychological disorder, substance, or medical condition.

Masters & Johnson Sexual Response Cycle

The four phases of sexual response: Excitement (arousal), Plateau, Orgasm, and Resolution.

Male Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder

A condition where males have abnormally low levels of interest in sexual activity.

Female Sexual Interest/Arousal Disorder

A condition where a female is interested in intercourse but her body does not physiologically respond during the arousal phase.

Gender Dysphoria

Distress accompanying the incongruence between a person's experienced or expressed gender and their assigned gender.

Transsexualism

A term used to refer to gender dysphoria specifically pertaining to individuals choosing to undergo sex reassignment surgery.

Schizophrenia

A disorder involving disturbances in thought, perception, affect, sense of self, motivation, behavior, and interpersonal functioning.

Delusion

A deeply entrenched false belief that is not consistent with the client's intelligence or cultural background.

Hallucination

A false perception not corresponding to the objective stimuli present in the environment, involving the senses.

Neologisms

Made-up words often seen in the disorganized speech of individuals with schizophrenia.

Catatonia

Marked psychomotor disturbances including decreased, excessive, or peculiar motor activity.

Alogia

A negative symptom of schizophrenia characterized by an inability to speak.

Avolition

A negative symptom of schizophrenia involving a lack of initiative or interest.

Anhedonia

A negative symptom of schizophrenia involving the inability to experience pleasure.

Brief Psychotic Disorder

A diagnosis used when an individual develops symptoms of psychosis that persist for more than a day but recover in less than $1$ month.

Schizophreniform Disorder

A psychotic disorder with symptoms identical to schizophrenia but lasting between $1$ and $6$ months.

Schizoaffective Disorder

A disorder involving a major depressive or manic episode while also meeting the diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia.

Delusional Disorder

A disorder where the only symptom is delusions that have lasted for at least $1$ month with no other schizophrenia symptoms.

Erotomanic type

A type of delusional disorder where the individual falsely believes another person is in love with them.

Somatic type

A type of delusional disorder where the individual falsely believes they have a medical condition.

Neurodevelopmental Hypothesis

The theory that schizophrenia arises during adolescence or early adulthood due to alterations in genetic control of brain maturation.

Extrapyramidal Symptoms (EPS)

Motor disorders caused by typical antipsychotics involving rigid muscles, tremors, shuffling movement, and muscle spasms.

Tardive Dyskinesia

Involuntary movements of the mouth, arms, and trunk of the body as a side effect of long-term typical antipsychotic use.

Neurocognitive Disorder

Acquired cognitive decline in one or more domains of cognition based on performance on objective assessments.

Delirium

A temporary neurocognitive disorder involving acute states of confusion, disturbances in attention, and awareness that fluctuate over time.

Pseudodementia

A set of symptoms appearing as dementia but actually caused by depression.

Amnesia

The inability to recall information that was previously learned or to register new information, persisting over time.