Adrenal gland physiology

From outwards to inwards what are the areas of the adrenal cortex

• zona glomerulosa

• zona fasciculata

• zona reticularis

What is made within the zona glomerulosa

mineralocorticoids

what is made within the zona fasciculata

glucocorticoids

what is made within the zona reticularis

androgens

what is made within the medulla of the adrenal gland

catecholamines

All steroid hormones made by by the adrenal gland are synthesized from ____________

cholesterol

in the rate limiting step for steroid synthesis via the adrenal gland cholesterol is cleaved by ______________ and turned into ______________

• cholesterol desmolase

• pregnenolone

Ture or false: the rate limiting step of cholesterol synthesis is present in all 3 areas of the adrenal cortex

True

name specific steroid hormone released from the zona glomerulosa

aldosterone

name a specific steroid hormone released from the zona fasciculata

cortisol

carbohydrate and protein metabolism is mostly controlled by what hormones

glucocorticoid

electrolyte and water balance is mostly controlled by what hormones

mineralocorticoid

to observe binding affinity what hormone is used due to its similar levels of affinity as a glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid

cortisol

The general action of glucocorticoids on the body is _____________ of energy

utilization

In a stress response glucocorticoids have ________ properties

anti inflammatory

in a larger sense glucocorticoids suppress ________ to prevent __________

• immune response

• inflammation

a vet administers glucorticoids to a dog and then notices that dogs USG goes down this is because of what

a decrease in ADH hormones

glucocorticoids cause what WBC decreases

• eosinopenia

• lymphopenia

glucocorticoids are ____________ so they are able to diffuse through the membrane and take hours to days to have maximum effect

lipid soluble

cortisol inhibits ____________ and _______________

• hypothalamus

• anterior pituitary

if you were to have a lesion on the pituitary that increased release of hormone how would you tell via body concentrations

• increased cortisol

• increased ATCH

if you were to have a lesion on the adrenal gland that increased release of hormone how would you tell via body concentrations

• increased cortisol

• decreased acth

in corticosteroid dosing what should you be giving for a physiologic dose

0.1-0.25 mg/kg/day

in corticosteroid dosing what should you be giving for a anti-inflammatory dose

1 mg/kg/day

in corticosteroid dosing what should you be giving for a immunosuppresive dose

2.2 mg/kg/day

Renin converts liver secreted angiotensin to angiotensin 2, what secretes renin

juxtaglomerular cells

what hormone stimulates aldosterone secretion from the adrenal glands

angiotensin 2

where does angiotensin act in the adrenal gland

zona glomerulosa

what are the main regulators of aldosterone secretion

• angiotensin 2

• potassium concentration

aldosterone has what two functions

• water balance

• acid base balance

aldosterone effects the absorption or retention of what 2 ions

• sodium

• potassium

aldosterone increases ____________ secretion which can induce metabolic alkalosis

hydrogen

the adrenal medulla produces what hormones

catecholamines

stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system results in the release of what neurotransmitters

• epinephrine

• norepinephrine

which neurotransmitter does the adrenal medulla make more of e

epinephrine

norepinephrine predominantly reacts with ______________

beta androgenic receptors

epinephrine reacts with _________________ equally

alpha and beta adrenergic receptros

what effects does norepinephrine have on the body

• vessel constriction

• increased heart activity

• inhibits gastro tract

• dilation of pupils

what effects does epinephrine have on the body

similar to norepinephrine but with more emphasis on the heart