Chapter 18 Circulatory System: Blood Lecture Flashcards

Flashcards covering the circulatory system components, blood cell types, life cycles, clotting mechanisms, and blood typing based on Chapter 18 lecture notes.

The study of blood is known as __________.

Hematology

The cardiovascular system refers only to the __________ and __________ __________.

heart, blood vessels

The three general functions of the circulatory system are transport, protection, and __________.

regulation

Adults typically have __________ to __________ liters of blood.

$$4, 6$$

Blood consists of a liquid extracellular matrix called __________ and cell fragments known as formed elements.

Plasma

The total volume of whole blood that is composed of erythrocytes is called the __________.

Hematocrit

Plasma without clotting proteins, specifically fibrin, is called __________.

serum

The most abundant solute in blood plasma by weight is __________ __________.

plasma proteins

The three major categories of plasma proteins are __________, globulins, and fibrinogen.

albumins

The production of blood, particularly its formed elements, is called __________.

Hematopoiesis

Multipotent stem cells in bone marrow that give rise to all formed elements are called __________ __________ __________.

Hematopoietic stem cells

Erythrocytes produce ATP through __________ __________ because they lack mitochondria.

anaerobic fermentation

Approximately $33\%$ of an erythrocyte's cytoplasm consists of the protein __________.

hemoglobin

Each hemoglobin molecule contains four protein chains called globin and four __________ groups that bind iron.

heme

One hemoglobin molecule can transport up to __________ molecules of oxygen.

$$4$$

The average life span of a red blood cell is about __________ days.

$$120$$

The hormone __________ is released by the kidneys to stimulate red blood cell production.

Erythropoietin

The breakdown of expired red blood cells in the spleen and liver is a process called __________.

hemolysis

An excess of RBCs in the blood stream, which can increase blood viscosity and pressure, is called __________.

Polycythemia

The most abundant leukocytes, which aggressively attack bacteria, are __________.

Neutrophils

Leukocytes that increase in number during parasitic infections and allergies are __________.

Eosinophils

The type of agranulocyte that transforms into a macrophage after leaving the bloodstream is the __________.

monocyte

A low white blood cell count caused by radiation, poisons, or infectious diseases like HIV is called __________.

Leukopenia

Platelets are small fragments of marrow cells called __________.

megakaryocytes

The three mechanisms of hemostasis are vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and __________.

coagulation

The extrinsic mechanism of coagulation is initiated by __________ __________ (factor III).

tissue thromboplastin

The synthesis of clotting factors $2, 7, 9,$ and $10$ requires Vitamin __________.

K

The enzyme __________ converts fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin threads to form a clot framework.

Thrombin

A traveling blood clot that has broken loose from a vessel is called an __________.

embolus

Antigens on the surface of red blood cells are called __________, while the antibodies in plasma are called agglutinins.

agglutinogens

A person with blood type AB is typically considered the __________ __________ because their plasma lacks anti-A and anti-B antibodies.

universal recipient

Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) is prevented by giving __________ to Rh-negative pregnant women.

RhoGAM