Shock Treatment and Fluid Therapy (ANML6101)

Vocabulary-style practice flashcards covering vocabulary, calculation formulas, and monitoring parameters for shock treatment and fluid therapy in veterinary medicine.

Oxygen delivery optimisation

The immediate priority in shock treatment that improves arterial oxygen content and tissue delivery.

Isotonic Crystalloids

First-line fluid therapy for hypovolaemic and distributive shock used to restore intravascular volume and improve cardiac output.

Hypertonic Saline

A highly concentrated saline ($7.2-7.5\%$) used for rapid volume expansion in haemorrhagic shock or head trauma, administered at $3-5\,ml/kg$ over $5-10$ minutes.

Colloids

Fluids used to increase oncotic pressure and expand intravascular volume, associated with risks of acute kidney injury ($AKI$) and coagulopathy.

Blood products

Substances like packed red blood cells or whole blood used to increase oxygen-carrying capacity when delivery is limited by anaemia or haemorrhage.

Antimicrobial window (Sepsis)

The recommendation to administer antibiotics within $1$ hour of suspicion or diagnosis of sepsis to improve survival.

Gastro-protectants

Therapies that support gastrointestinal barrier integrity and treat stress-related ulceration caused by mucosal injury from hypoperfusion.

Passive warming

The only recommended method for warming shock patients; direct heat is avoided to prevent peripheral vasodilation and prolonged hypotension.

Dehydration deficit formula

$$\text{\% dehydration} \times \text{BWT (kg)} \times 1000 = \text{ml deficit}$$

Typical crystalloid bolus dose (Dog)

$10-20\,ml/kg$ administered and followed by frequent reassessment.

Typical crystalloid bolus dose (Cat)

$3-5\,ml/kg$ (or $5-10\,ml/kg$) administered in small IV boluses.

Urine output

The gold standard for monitoring hydration and volume assessment, targeting $\ge 1\,ml/kg/hr$.

Lactate

A laboratory trend used to monitor perfusion; a decrease in value indicates improved tissue perfusion.

DEA (Dog Erythrocyte Antigen)

The system for blood typing in dogs, which includes $7$ major group types, with DEA $1.1$ negative being the universal donor.

Cat Blood Groups

The three blood groups categorised as $A$, $B$, or $AB$, where group $A$ is the most common.

In-line blood filter

A mandatory piece of equipment required during blood product administration to prevent complications.

Target Blood Transfusion Rate (Initial)

Initially starting at $0.5\,ml/kg/hr$ for the first $10-15$ minutes before increasing the rate.

Autotransfusion

The aseptic collection, filtering, and reinfusion of a patient's own blood, often used for acute internal bleeding like haemoabdomen.

Splanchnic hypoperfusion

A common cause of nausea and vomiting in shock patients, often requiring treatment with anti-emetics to reduce aspiration risk.

Cross-matching

An evidence-based best practice for blood compatibility; it is mandatory in cats but often advised in dogs primarily after their first transfusion.