GI Study Resources: (26SS-Full) PATHO & PHARM II (002)

What does GI stand for in medical terminology?

Gastrointestinal.

What is the primary function of the gastrointestinal (GI) system?

To digest food and absorb nutrients.

Name the main parts of the gastrointestinal tract.

Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus.

What role does the stomach play in digestion?

It breaks down food using acid and enzymes.

What is the purpose of bile in digestion?

To emulsify fats and aid in digestion.

What are the main types of macronutrients?

Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

What enzyme begins the digestion of carbohydrates in the mouth?

Salivary amylase.

Which organ is responsible for the majority of nutrient absorption?

Small intestine.

What is the primary function of the large intestine?

To absorb water and electrolytes and prepare waste for elimination.

What are probiotics?

Live microorganisms that provide health benefits when consumed.

What is the role of the pancreas in digestion?

To produce digestive enzymes and bicarbonate.

What is the significance of the hepatic portal system?

It transports blood from the GI tract to the liver for processing.

Define dyspepsia.

Discomfort or pain in the upper abdomen, often called indigestion.

What is gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?

A chronic condition where stomach acid flows back into the esophagus.

What symptoms are associated with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)?

Abdominal pain, bloating, gas, and diarrhea or constipation.

What do NSAIDs do in relation to the GI tract?

They can irritate the gastric lining and increase the risk of ulcers.

What is the primary use of antacids?

To neutralize stomach acid and relieve heartburn.

What is the mechanism of action of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs)?

They inhibit the secretion of stomach acid.

Name a common side effect of opioids on the GI system.

Constipation.

What is the purpose of electrolyte solutions in GI conditions?

To prevent dehydration and replenish lost fluids.

What is the role of fiber in the diet?

To promote regular bowel movements and improve digestion.

What is a common treatment for peptic ulcers?

Proton pump inhibitors and antibiotics to eliminate H. pylori.

What dietary changes can help manage lactose intolerance?

Reduction of lactose-containing foods and consumption of lactase supplements.

What is the significance of the gallbladder?

It stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver.

What class of medication is commonly used to treat inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)?

Corticosteroids and immunosuppressants.