AVI101 - Visual Arts - 2024 - Unit 4

Questions
What Nations make up The Onkwehonwe?

The Nations that make up the Onkwehonwe are the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) Confederacy, which includes the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca, and Tuscarora; surrounding Lake Ontario are the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca Nations.

What are the 5 different languages spoken in these regions? What Language Group all of these languages are a part of?

Ojibwe, Cree, Mohawk, Inuktitut, Mi’kmaq, Dakota. They’re part of the Algonquian language group.

What treaty is his community of Yellow Quill First Nation part of?

Treaty 4.

What treaty is the Serpent River First Nation part of?

Treaty 9.

What community was GG Mary Simon from?

She is from Kangiqsualujjuaq, Quebec. Find her community on the map.

What treaty is this community part of?

Kangiqsualujjuaq, Quebec, is part of Treaty 9.

What language do they speak?

The community speaks Inuktitut.

What numbered Treaty encompasses the BlackFoot Confederacy? What year was this signed?

The Blackfoot Confederacy nations are located in southern Alberta. They are part of Treaty 7, which was signed in 1877.

How important were the Indigenous Nations that helped the British to defeat the Americans in the War of 1812?

Indigenous Nations played a significant role in helping the British to defeat the Americans in the War of 1812 by providing crucial support, including warriors, guides, and resources.

Carey Price is a famous hockey goalie who plays for the Montreal Canadiens. What community is Price from?

Ulkatcho

On the timeline, locate the year 1885. What motion did Louis Riel put forth?

In 1885, Louis Riel put forth a motion for Métis rights.

Where’s Tommy Prince from?

Peguis

What language do they speak in Gjoa Haven?

Louie Kamookak's community, Gjoa Haven, Nunavut, speaks Inuktitut.

Where's Kenojauk Ashevak from?

A camp on the southern coast of Baffin Island in 1927.

When was the "Enchanted Owl" created?

Created in 1960.

Why is the "Enchanted Owl" famous?

It was a stamp.

Describe the style of "The Enchanted Owl”.

• Simplified Forms

• Two-tone color scheme

• Highly stylized

• Fluid Shapes

• Crisp Lines

What did Houston introduce to the Cape Dorset community?

Houston introduced printmaking to the Cape Dorset Community.

What was a favourite subject matter for Kenojauk? Provide examples.

Her favourite subject matter is birds such as “Enchanted Owl”, and other paintings

Name three Inuit artists from Kinn gait.

Shyvinai Ashoona, Annie Pootoogook, & Tim Pitsiulak.

What is the meaning of “Treaty”?

A Solemn Agreement/Promise

What is the meaning of “Treaty with the Government”?

A legal contract upheld by the supreme court of Canada

What is the Truth & Reconciliation Commision?

It’s about recognizing the past, taking responsibility, and seeking to make a better future.

How many calls to action are in the Truth & Reconciliation Commission?

94 calls

What’s the meaning of Indigenous?

having originated in and being produced, growing, living, or occurring naturally in a particular region or environment.

What’s the “Woodlands Style”?

A distinct style of Native art that blends traditional legends and myths with contemporary mediums.

What’s the meaning of Oral Tradition?

A form of human communication wherein knowledge, art, ideas and cultural material is received, preserved, and transmitted orally from one generation to another.

What’s Shaman?

Mediators in Indigenous cultures.

What distinguishes Norval as an artist in terms of his cultural background?

Norval was the first Indigenous Artist to paint the ancient myths and legends of the eastern woodlands, which were traditionally passed down orally.

Where did Norval spend his youth, and how did it influence his artistic development?

Norval spent his youth in remote isolation in Northern Ontario, near Thunder Bay. This isolation, along with the usual influences of other artists' imagery, contributed to the development of his unique artistic style.

What is the significance of Norval being the "Soul Originator" of the woodland style?

Being the "Soul Originator" of the woodland style means that Norval was the first to create and popularize this distinct artistic style, which has inspired three generations of artists.

Who raised Norval, and what cultural teachings did he receive from this person?

Norval was raised by his grandfather, who introduced him to Ojibwe shamanism and told him the stories and legends of the Ojibwa people.

How did Norval initially create and share his illustrations of Ojibwa stories?

Norval initially drew his illustrations on the sandy beaches of Lake Nipigon using a stick, letting the waves wash the images away.

What taboo was Norval warned about, and how did he respond to it?

Norval was warned that it was taboo to relate stories through illustrations. However, he was not dissuaded by these ancient taboos and continued to develop and share his art.

How did Norval's art evolve in terms of color and location?

Norval added striking color to his paintings and eventually took them south to Toronto.

What city did Norval take his paintings to, and what significance does this move have?

Norval took his paintings to Toronto, a significant move that likely helped him gain a wider audience and recognition for his work.

What medium did Norval initially use to create his illustrations, and what happened to these images?

Norval initially used a stick to draw on the sandy beaches, and the waves would wash the images away.

How has Norval's work influenced subsequent generations of artists?

Norval's work, as the originator of the woodland style, has inspired three generations of artists, indicating a lasting impact on the art world, especially within Indigenous communities.

What was Emily Carr's intention upon returning from France in 1912?

Emily Carr intended to make a visual record of Indigenous totem poles in their village settings before they disappeared.

Why was Carr interested in making a visual record of Indigenous totem poles?

Carr was interested in preserving the visual record of totem poles because Indigenous culture was perceived to be dying due to white cultural encroachment.

What aspects of Indigenous culture fascinated Carr?

Carr was fascinated by traditional culture-houses, totem poles, and masks.

How did the general societal view of Indigenous culture during Carr's time affect her perspective?

Despite her interest in Indigenous culture, Carr shared the common view of the time that the decline of Indigenous culture was inevitable.

What were the two main themes of Carr's painting career?

The presence of Indigenous culture of the past and the distinctive landscape of the west coast of Canada.

What materials did Carr use to create her initial works on Indigenous culture?

Carr used drawings and watercolors during her trips to create her initial works.

How did Carr's mission and her interest in Indigenous culture become intertwined?

Carr’s interest in Indigenous culture intertwined with her mission as she sought to document and preserve the visual aspects of this culture through her art.

At what age did Carr gain significant recognition, and what event marked this turning point?

Carr gained significant recognition at the age of 57 when she was asked to exhibit her work in the National Gallery of Canada in 1927.

Who were the Group of 7 painters, and how did they influence Carr?

The Group of 7 painters were a group of Canadian artists who influenced Carr by welcoming her into their company and inspiring her with their paintings of the rugged landscape of northern Canada.

What impressed Carr about the Group of 7's work?

Carr was impressed by their intention to produce a distinctly Canadian art and their paintings of the rugged landscape.

How did Carr's artistic focus change after meeting Lawren Harris?

With Harris's encouragement, Carr shifted her focus from native subjects to nature themes.

What specific elements did Carr's paintings of totem poles often depict?

Carr's paintings often depicted native totem poles set in deep forest locations or sites of abandoned native villages.

What health issue did Carr face in 1937, and what impact did it have on her work?

Carr suffered a severe heart attack in 1937, which marked the beginning of a decline in her health and a reduction in her energy for painting.

What factors, besides her themes, contributed to Carr's fame?

Carr’s fame was also attributed to her being a woman who overcame significant obstacles to become an artist of originality and strength, and her career's inspirational late start.

Why is Carr's career considered inspirational despite its delayed start?

Carr’s career is considered inspirational because she achieved significant success and recognition starting at the age of 57, showing determination and resilience.

What’s a Caboose?

It’s the final train car of a train.

What’s Pigment?

Colored material used to give paint its hue.

Where is Daphne Odjig from?

Daphne was born in Wikwemikong First Nations Territory on Manitoulin Island in Ontario.

What kind of art education did Daphne receive?
- She received art education from her grandfather.

What is the painting “Roots” about?

It was painted in 1979. The painting shows her life story, reflecting her personal and cultural transformation. There were three panels and each panel symbolizes a different part of her life. The First Panel is showing Daphne as a little girl surrounded by her community, family, & spirits. Daphne had strong connections with her roots symbolized by a tree with strong roots. The Second Panel shows the tree being uprooted which represents Daphne’s migration to B.C.. The Third Panel shows a tree planted and thriving representing Daphne’s accomplishments.

Define Triptych

A series of three panels.

How did Daphne’s paintings change in 1964?

Daphne had an experience that helped her find her true identity which was an Indigenous experience leading her to revert back to her roots and that is seen through her paintings.

What did Daphne illustrate?

She illustrated traditions, beliefs, stories, heritage, & the cultural awakening she envisioned for her family of the indigenous culture.

Describe Daphne’s mural, “Indigenous in Transition”

Represents the historical journey and experience of the Indigenous peoples in North America. This mural captures their transformation through various stages.

What are the four stages illustrated in the mural, “Indigenous in Transition”?

Harmony and Tradition, European Arrival, Dominance of the church & Residential Schools, Cultural Renewal & Restoration.

What is the Harmony and Tradition stage in the mural, “Indigenous in Transition”?

This stage shows the life of the Indigenous peoples before European arrival to the western hemisphere.

What is the European Arrival stage in the mural, “Indigenous in Transition”?

This stage shows the way of Indigenous life was disrupted. Indigenous peoples often were pushed around, misunderstood, and even persecuted.

What is the Dominance of the church & Residential Schools stage in the mural, “Indigenous in Transition”?

This stage shows the Indigenous peoples were taken from their homes, and stripped of their culture and their roots to keep Canada “British White”. This stage also shows the genocide of a culture.

What is the Cultural Renewal & Restoration stage in the mural, “Indigenous in Transition”?

This stage shows the freedom for Indigenous peoples to practice their culture, and speak their language. This stage also shows the process of reconciliation.

How does Daphne’s work advocate for social justice?

She emphasizes and brings light to her culture, past and current injustices against indigenous peoples, her tribal story and perspective in her artwork.

What awards did Daphne receive? For what in particular?

• Governor General’s award in Visual & Media Arts

• Order of Canada

Where did the Grap of Seven meet after work to discuss Art & Ideas for Canada's development?

in the group of Seven meet after work at Toronto’s Arts & Letters Club

Describe the work of each of the members of the Group of Suen (Style, Subject Matter).

• Lawren Harris: Originally painting urban landscapes that looked like photographs (photographic realism), he later painted the wilderness of Canada through a simplified style

• A.Y. Jackson: Painted Remote Rural Life in a photographic realistic style

• Arthur Lister: Printed the Canadian landscape using a rough and human touch

• JE.H. MacDonald Painted bushes with lots of expression

• Fredrick H. Varley: Painted Canadian landscapes with glimmering colors, and emotion

• Franklin Carmichael: Painted the Canadian Landscape with crisp and defied lines

• Frank Johnston: Painted to Northern Canadian landscapes, style is realistic

• A.J. Casson: Painted Rural Ontario towns & villages with clear colors, background designs, & a limited palette

Describe Harris's painting style & what it represents (theophany).

• Harris used a yellow glow usually at the top of the party to represent Greed of his light

• Harris's simplification of Canada's environment into simple shapes suggests a divine order & presence w/in the physical world

When was the group created?

It was created in 1920.

What are the seven members in the original group of seven?

Carmicheal, Lismer, Jackson, MacDonald, Harris, Johnston, & Varley

What did Tom Thomson paint?

Jack Pine was painted by him (1916-1917).

Was Tom Thomsen over a member of the group at seven

No, Tom Thanson was never a part of the Group of Seven although, Tom Thomson had massive influence on the group of friends but died 3 years before the group formed. He did paint with them.

How did Tom Thoson die? Was he murdered?

It is believed that it was an accidental drowning as his canoe was turned upside down and his body was found in the lake 8 days later. The investigation into some accounts was rushed and there was bruised on the right side of his head and his right ear had bled. Despite all of this information, we don't know.

What type of painting style did Emily Carr use?

She uses curved lines, no bold lines to make the painting move.

What did Emily Carr paint?

Emily Carr painted The Tree in 1931.

What are the two major themes of Emily Carr's paintings

The material presence of Indigenous cultures of the past. The distinctive landscape of Canada's west coast.

She was not a member of the group of seven, but what did she have in common w/ them? Did she associate w/ them?

She painted based on themes of nature & Indigenous culture. She associated w/ Lauren Harris and was inspired by him regarding his belief in Theophany.

How old was Carr when she exhibited at the National Gallery of Canada

Emily Carr was in her 50s when she exhibited at the national Gallery of Canada.

What did A.J. Casson paint?

Painted The "Old Store at Salem" in 1931

What year was A. J. Casson invited to the group?

In 1926, A.J. Casson was invited to the Group of Seven.

Casson worked for the Graphic Design Firm called "Rous and Mann". Which member of the Group of Seven did he work for at the design firm?

Carson worked at Rous and Mann as Franklin Carmicheal’s apprentice.

Describe Lawren Harris’ painting style?

Reduces forms to simple shapes. He wanted to make paintings distinctly Canadian.

What did Lawren Harris paint?

Painted "Pic Island" in 1924.

What inspired Lawren Harels to create the group of seven?

Lauren Harris was inspired by an exhibition of contemporary Scandinavian art at the Gallery in Toronto.

What did Harris have at his disposal to help with painting the Canadian Landscape?

Money to support himself, education, philosophical belief, Caboose (the back car of trains).

What is "Theophany"? How can we see this in Harris’ painting style?

Theophany refers to spiritual presence in nature. You can see Harris' belief intimately linked to his development as a non-objective artist through abstract paintings such as Abstract Printing No. 20 (1942), many of which use forms from landscape, he sought to portray a binding & healing conception of the universe & to make the sublime visual. His paintings have been criticized as cold, but the painting reflects a sense of his spiritual involvement. You can see a yellow glow, that glow represents God's light.

What did J.E.H. MacDonald paint?

painted the "Tangled Garden" in 1916.

Where was J.E.H. Mac Donald working as a commercial artist?

J.E.H. Mac Donald was working in Toronto as an artist in Grip Ltd. Most artists in the Group of Seven worked in Grip Ltd.

Who convinced J.E.H. MacDonald to give up his job and pursue his art Completely?

Lauren Harris

What did Arthur Lismer paint?

Painted "Bright land" in 1938 using oil on a canvas.

What did Arthur Lisner establish in both North America & South Africa?

He became a leading figure in child art education in Toronto, South Africa, New York, & Montreal.

What did A.Y. Jackson paint?

Painted "The Red Maple" in 1914 using oil on a canvas.

Why do you think A.Y. Jackson has an impressionistic look to his work?

Impressionists don't use black, use short brush strokes, and light & shadows are prominent.

What did Frank Johnston paint?

Painted "Approaching storm, Algana" in 1919 using oil on a canvas.

What did Frank Johnston do after the Group of Seven's initial art show in 1920?

Frank Johnston became an independent artist.

What did Franklin Carmicheal paint?

Painted "Bay of Islands from Mt. Burke” in 1931 using oil on a canvas.