BSC2011L Midterm Billers

What are the two types of electron microscopes and what is their function

Scanning: Gives images of the surface of an object

Transmission: Gives image of cross sections of an organism

Dissecting microscopes are used to view what

Larger objects. Made for viewing at a much lower magnification compared to the compound light microscope

Prokaryotes lack what

Lack membrane bound organelles and a nucleus

What are the two types of prokaryotes

Archaea: Cannot perform photosynthesis because they lack chloroplasts

Bacteria: Only Cyanobacteria can perform photosynthesis because they contain chlorophyll

Most Archaea are what

Extremophiles

Gram positive bacteria show up as what color and why

They are purple because of their thick layer of peptidoglycan

Gram negative bacteria show up as what color and why

Pink because they have a thin wall of peptidoglycan

What are the steps of a gram stain in order

1. Heat fix bacteria onto slide so they do not move

2. Apply Crystal violet stain to dye all bacteria’s peptidoglycan wall

3. Apply Iodine to crystallize the crystal violet molecules making them bigger, so that only that gram positive bacteria will hold onto it after wash

4. Apply a decolorizer to remove all crystal violet from negative bacteria but keeping it in the positive

5. Apply safranin to stain gram negative bacteria pink

Study this graph

Archaea lack what in addition to chloroplasts

They lack peptidoglycan

Study this image of the cyanobacteria shapes

Cyanobacteria shapes

Why is Cyanobacteria ecologically important

1. They produce oxygen via photosynthesis

2. Fix carbon dioxide and nitrogen out of the atmosphere

3. Are indicators of water quality

What type of Cyanobacteria forms symbiotic relationships with aquatic ferns

Anabaena

Identify the Akinete and heterocyst on the picture

Heterocyst and akinete

Identify the akinete and heterocyte on the image

Heterocyte and akinete

Filamentous Cyanobacteria are called what

Oscillatoria. Colonies are able to slide back and forth against each other to orient themselves to the light source

What do Merismopedia form relationships with and how do they hold their shape

Type of Cyanobacteria form symbiotic relationships with zooplankton. Their grid patterns are held together by mucilaginous sheath

What has distinctive twin nuclei

Supergroup excavata, giardia

What does SAR clade stand for

Stramenopila, alveolata, Rhizaria

What makes stramenopila unique and what are some examples

Straw like hairs to help them swim, also responsible for 25% of all organic carbon fixation on the planet. Examples include diatoms and brown algae

What makes alveolata unique and what are some examples

Have sac-like vesicles call alveoli and two flagellas. Examples include dinoflagellates

What makes Rhizaria unique and what are some examples

Planktonic organisms that have a very narrow axopodia although some use pseudopodia. Radiolarians and forminifera

What organisms make up the unikonta supergroup

Amoebazoans and choanoflagellates.

What is the difference between axopodia and pseudopodia

Axopodia are long, stiff, needle like projections. Used by rhizaria

Pseudopodia are temporary broad extensions. Used by amoebazoans

Identify the sporophyte and gametophyte on the image

Sporophyte and Gametophyte

What is this specimen? Is it photosynthetic

Volvox, Yes able to undergo photosynthesis

What is this specimen?

Spirogyra

Identify the gamme and gamme cup

Top is gamme cup, bottom is gamme

Guard Cells and stomata control what

They control gas exchange and water loss in a plant

Define gymnosperms

Produce seeds found on cones. Examples include pine trees conifers

Define angiosperms

Produce seeds enclosed within a fruit. Examples include all flowering plants

In vascular plants, what is dominant

Diploid Sporophyte is dominant

In non vascular plants, what is dominant

The haploid gametophyte is dominant

What does the seed do

It protects the embryo and nourishes it

How many phyla are there for gymnosperms

4 phyla. Conifeophyta, Ginkgophyta, Cyadophyta, Gnetophyta

What is the stamen broken down into and is it male or female

Broken down into the filament and anther

When a gymnosperm is monoecious, what does this mean

It means that it is a single plant that contains male and female parts. Most Conifers

When a gymnosperm is dioecious, what does this mean

It means that it contains separate male and female plants. Male is pollen female is ovules and seeds. Cycads, Ginkos, and junipers

Most conifers are monoecious or dioecious

Monoecious

What phylum do angiosperms belong to

Phyla anthrophyta

What is the difference between angiosperms and gymnosperms

Angiosperms have flowers and fruit to allow for dispersal of gametes

Gymnosperms produce seeds found on cones

Dicot and monocots belong to angiosperms or gymnosperms

Angiosperms

Dicots have how many cotyledons, what type of root, and how many floral parts

Two colyedons, tap root system, and four or five floral parts

Dicots have what type of stems and leaves

Vascular bundles arranged in a ring pattern in stem, and broad leaves with netlike branching veins

Monocots have how many cotyledon, what type of roots, and how many floral parts

One cotyledon, fibrous root system, and 3 floral parts

Monocots have what type of stems and what type of leaves

Vascular bundles scattered throughout stem, and narrow leaves with parallel veins

Male pinecones produce what. This develops into pollen

Male pincones produce Microsporangium which contain microspores

Female pinecones produce what. These contain megaspores

They produce megasporangium

What are some examples of nonvascular plants

Liverworts, mosses, hornworts

What is the oldest and largest group of eukaryotic algae

Red algae

Red algae play an important role for what habitat

Tropical reefs

Why are red algae red

They contain the pigment phycoerythrin