Psych unit 11

zygote

A fertilized egg formed by the union of an egg and sperm

Embryo

An unborn off spring in humans between the 2nd and 8th week of pregnancy

Neural tube

A tubular structure formed in the emrbyonic stages from which the spinal cord and brain develop

Fetus

Unborn offspring identified in humans between the 9th week of pregnancy

Down syndrome

A developmental disorder caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21

Fetal alcohol syndrome

Children experience challenges such as learning disorders and behavior difficulties

Teratogens

Environmental agents that can interfere with teratogens

reflexes

Automatic patterns of motor responses that are triggered by specific types of sensory stimulation

Habituation

most basic form of l earning, involves decreased response to repeated simulation

dishabituation

If something new is presented, and if the infant can tell the difference between the new stimulus and the old one

Motor development

Changes in the developing childs ability to coordinate bodily movements

Cognitive development

Refers to changes in all of the mental activties associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

Assimilation

The child uses existing representation to interpret the new experiences.

Accomodation

Involves revising their schemas to incorporate information from the new experiences

Sensorimotor stage (birth-2yrs)

Children develop knowledge through their senses and actions but cannot yet think using symbols, namely language. During this stage children develop the ability to recognize that objects exists even when the objects are hidden.

Preoperational stage (2-7 yrs)

Children master the use of symbols but struggle to see situations from multiple perspective.

Concrete operational stage (7-12 yrs)

Children become capable of their imagination and gain a boost in understanding complex situation

Formal operational stage (12yrs and up)

Adolescents become able to reason through problems and hypothetical questions.

Object permanence

The awareness that an object still exists even when those objects are not in sight.

Social refrencing

Relying on the facial expression of their caregiver for signals on how to react to certain situations

Attachment

a strong emotional bond

Imprinting

Mechanism of attachment that is established early in life typically when an offspring forms a bond with the first stimulus it sees

Contact comfort

Sense of protection that comes from physical closness and touch

Temperament

The characteristic pattern of emotion and behavior that is evident from an early age and believed to be

Insecure/avoidant attachment

A pattern where someone tends to avoid closeness and emotional intimacy, often acting independent and not relying on others

Insecure/ambivalent attachment

A patterns where someone craves closeness but is also worried about being rejected, leading to clingy or overly dependent behavior

Secure attachment

A healthy patternw here someone is comfortable with closenessnes and independence, and can trust oters while also managing their own emotions.

Avoidant/Ambivalent attachment

A patterns where someone shows mixed behaviors, wanting closeness but also fearing or avoiding it

Childhood

A span of life from the age of 2 to adolesence

Symbolic representation

The use of words, sounds, gestures, or objects to represent other things

Operations

Imagining how things like people might be different than they are, or imagining the consequences of some event without needing to see it happen.

Conservation

The idea that physical properties of an object such as mass, shape or volume remain the same despite changes in the objects form or shape.

Theory of mind

Understanding that everyone has a mind of their own and each represent unique perspective and these representation can predict how people behave

Sociocultural view of development

Emphasized that the childs mind develops from interaction with the social environment

Scaffolding

Helps children step to higher order of thinking

Gender socialization

The process by which people internalize social expectaion and attitudes associated with their percieved gender

Gender schema

Network of assumptions about how people with different genders should think and feel

gender constancy

a persons gender identity is consistent regardless of how they may act or dress

Authoritaian parents

Low on responsiveness and highly demanding: They provide minimal support yet impose strict rules

Permissive parents

High on responsiveness and low on demanding scale

Authoritative parents

Both very responsive and very demanding

Disengaged parents

Neither responsive or demanding: These parents are not as sensitive to their childrens needs

Primary sex characteristics

Body structures like ovaries, testies, and external genetilia that makes sexual reproduction possible

Secondary sex characteristics

Non Reproductive body structures like hips, torsos, voices, and body hair that make the body look more adult

Preconventional stage

A period of moral development in which people make decisions based on self-interst and obeying rules to avoid punishment.

Conventional stage

A period of moral development in which people make descisions because it hurts someone or because it violates a law.

Postconventional stage

A period of moral development in which people make decisions based on broad principles or ideals.

Social identity

A sense of identity that is rooted in group memebership

Emerging adulthood

Age range for the period is rought 18-25, and it includes gaining financial independence from family and establishing your own “life”

Social clock

A timeline that govern social norms like marriage, parenthood, and retirement

Menopause

Natural end of menstruation (Women experience loss of fertility)

Alzheimers disease

A disorder from the loss and degenerative of neurons in the the brain

Socioemotional selectivity theory

Our emotional lives are greatly affected by our perception of how much time we have left in life