RAD 111 BONTRAGER 1

THIS $HIT IS NOT FUN.

Osteology

Study of bones

Axial skeleton

All the bones that lie on or near the central axis of the body (80 bones)

Appendicular skeleton

All bones of extremities, and shoulder and pelvic girdles (126 bones)

Long bones

Consist of body and two ends or extremities

Short bones

Cuboidal and found only in wrists and ankles (carpals and tarsals)

Flat bones

Consists of two plates of compact bone with cancellous bone and marrow between them

Irregular bones

Bones with peculiar shapes

Diploe

Narrow space between inner and outer table of flat bones within the cranium

Ossification

Process by which bones form within the body (begins at about 6th embryonic week and continues until adulthood)

Intramembranous Bone formation

when bone replaces membranes (rapid)

Endochondral

when bone replaces cartilage (slower)

Arthrology

The study of joints or articulations

Synarthrosis

Immovable joint

Amphiarthrosis

Joint with limited movement

Diarthrosis

Freely movable joint

Types of functional joints

Synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis

Anatomy

The study, classification, and description of the structure and organs of the human body

Physiology

Deals with processes and functions of the body, or how body parts work

Chemical level

Lowest level of structural organization

Cell

Basic unit (structural and functional)

Tissues

Groups of similar cells that perform a special function

Types of tissues

Epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous

Epithelial tissue

Tissues that cover internal and external surfaces of the body, including lining of vessels and organs

Connective tissue

Supportive tissues that bind and support various structures

Organs

Tissues joined to perform specific function

System

Group of organs that have a common function

Organism

The 10 systems of the body when functioning together

Skeletal system

206 separate bones and their associated cartilages and joints

Functions of the skeletal system (4)

1. Support and protect many soft tissues of the body 2. Allow movement through interaction with muscles to form a system of levers 3. To produce blood cells 4. To store calcium

Circulatory system

The cardiovascular organs (heart, blood, and blood vessels) and lymphatic system (lymph nodes, lymph vessels, lymph glands, and spleen)

Functions of the cardiovascular system (6)

1) to distribute O2 and nutrients to cells 2) to carry cell waste and CO2 from cells 3) to transport H2O, electrolytes, hormones, and enzymes 4) to protect against disease 5) to prevent hemorrhage by forming blood clots 6) to help regulate body temperature

Digestive system

Alimentary canal (mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus) and accessory organs (salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas)

Functions of the digestive system (2)

1) to prepare food for absorption by the cells through physical and chemical breakdown processes 2) to eliminate solid wastes from body

Respiratory system

Connects lungs to outside atmosphere (nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchial tree)

Functions of the respiratory system (3)

1) supply O2 to the blood and eventually cells 2) eliminate CO2 from blood 3) assist in regulating acid

Functions of the urinary system (4)

1) regulate chemical composition of blood 2) eliminate many waste products 3) regulate fluid and electrolyte balance and volume 4) maintain the acid

Reproductive system

Organs that produce, transport, and store the germ cells (male: vas deferens, prostate gland, penis, testes) (female: ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina)

Function of reproductive system

Reproduce the organism

Nervous system

Composed of brain, spinal cord, nerves, ganglia, and special sense organs (such as eyes and ears)

Function of the nervous system

To regulate body activities with electrical impulses that travel along various nerves

Muscular system

Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle

Skeletal muscle

Most of muscle mass in body. Striated. Voluntary. Acts in conjunction with skeleton to allow for movement. 43% of weight is accounted for by skeletal muscle

Smooth muscle

Involuntary. Located in walls of hollow internal organs (blood vessels, stomach, intestines)

Cardiac muscle

Involuntary but striated. Found only in the walls of the heart

Functions of the muscular system (3)

1) allows movement, such as locomotion of the body or movement of substances through the alimentary canal 2) to maintain posture 3) to produce heat

Endocrine system

Includes ductless glands of the body: testes, ovaries, pancreas, adrenals, thymus, thyroid, parathyroid, pineal, and pituitary. Placenta acts as a temporary endocrine gland. Hormones are released directly into the bloodstream

Function of the endocrine system

To regulate bodily activities through the various hormones carried by the cardiovascular system

Integumentary system

Composed of skin and all structures derived from skin (hair, nails, and sweat and oil glands)

Skin

The largest organ of the body; covers a surface area of approx 7620 cm2 and constituting 8% of total body mass

Functions of the integumentary system (5)

1) regulate body temperature 2) protect body (within limits) against microbial invasion and mechanical, chemical, and UV radiation damage 3) eliminate waste products through perspiration 4) receive certain stimuli such as temp, pressure, and pain 5) synthesize certain vitamins and biochemicals such as vitamin D

Sesamoid bones

Small, oval shaped bone that is embedded in certain tendons, often near joints. not part of the 206, with the exception of the patellae (kneecaps)

Compact bone/cortex

Outer shell of most bones. Composed of hard or dense bone tissue

Body/shaft (long bones)

Contains a thicker layer of compact bone than is found at ends to reduce stress of weight placed on them

Spongy/cancellous bone (long bones)

Highly porous and usually contains red bone marrow, which is responsible for production of red blood cells

Medullary cavity (long bones)

Hollow portion of body of long bones and usually contains fatty yellow marrow

Periosteum

A dense, fibrous membrane that covers bone except at articulating surfaces

Hyaline cartilage

Covers articulating surfaces

Types of structural joints

Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

Fibrous joints (3 types)

Lack a joint cavity; syndesmoses, sutures, gomphoses

Syndesmoses (fibrous joint)

Slightly movable (carpal and tarsal joints)

Sutures (fibrous joint)

Immovable (bones in skull)

Gomphoses (fibrous joint)

Very limited movement (roots of teeth and alveolar sockets or mandible and maxillae)

Cartilaginous joints (2 types)

Lack a joint cavity and the articulating bones are held together tightly by cartilage; little or no movement. Symphyses and synchondroses

Symphyses (cartilaginous joint)

Presence of a broad flattened disk of fibrocartilage between two contiguous bony surfaces. Amphiarthrodial (some movement) (ex: intervertebral disks)

Synchondroses (cartilaginous joint)

A temporary form of joint where the connecting hyaline cartilage is converted to bone in adulthood. Synarthrodial (immovable) (ex: epiphyseal plates between the epiphyses and diaphyses of long bones and 3

Synovial joints (7 types)

Freely movable; characterized by a fibrous capsule that contains synovial fluid. Types: plane (gliding), ginglymus (hinge), trochoid (pivot), ellipsoid, sellar (saddle), spheroidal (ball and socket), bicondylar

Plane (gliding) joint (synovial)

Sliding or gliding. Ex: intermetacarpal, intercarpal, and carpometacarpal joints, C1 on C2 vertebrae

Ginglymi (hinge) joint (synovial)

Flexion and extension. Ex: interphalangeal joints of fingers, toes, and elbow joints

Trochoid (pivot) joint (synovial)

Rotational. Ex: proximal and distal radioulnar and between C1 and C2 vertebrae

Ellipsoid (condyloid) joint (synovial)

Flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, circumduction. Ex: 2nd to 5th metacarpophalangeal and wrist joints

Sellar (saddle) joint (synovial)

Flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, circumduction. Ex: first carpometacarpal joint (thumb), ankle, and calcaneocuboid joints

Spheroidal (ball and socket) joint (synovial)

Greatest freedom of motion; flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, circumduction, medial and lateral rotation. Ex: hip and shoulder joints

Bicondylar joint (synovial)

Movement primarily in one direction with some limited rotation. Ex: knee and temporomandibular joints

Radiograph

Image of a patient's anatomical part(s) as produced by the action of x

Radiography

The process and procedures of producing a radiograph

Image receptor (IR)

Device that captures the radiographic image that exits the patient

Central ray (CR)

Center most portion of the x-ray beam emitted from the x-ray tube

5 general functions of a radiographic examination or procedure

1) positioning of body part and alignment with the IR and CR 2) selection of radiation protection measures 3) selection of exposure factors (radiographic technique) on control panel (generator) 4) patient instructions related to respiration and initiation of the exposure 5) processing of the IR

Anatomical position

Upright position with arms adducted (down), palms forward and head and feet directed straight ahead

Sagittal plane

Longitudinal plane that divides the body into right and left parts

Midsagittal plane

Median plane; divides body into equal right and left parts

Coronal plane

Longitudinal plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

Midcoronal plane

Divides body into equal anterior or posterior parts

Horizontal (axial) plane

Transverse plane that passes through the body at right angles to a longitudinal plane, dividing the body into superior and inferior portions

Oblique plane

A longitudinal or transverse plane that is at an angle or slant and is NOT PARALLEL to the sagittal, coronal, or horizontal plane

Longitudinal sections (sagittal, coronal, and oblique)

these sections/images run lengthwise in the direction of the long axis of the body or any of it’s body parts

Transverse or axial sections (cross sections)

at right angles along any point of the longitudinal axis of the body/ it’s parts

Base plane of skull

Precise transverse plane formed by connecting the lines from the infraorbital margins to the superior margins of the external auditory meatus, the external opening of the ear. Sometimes called the Frankfort horizontal plane

Occlusal plane

Horizontal plane formed by biting surfaces of the upper and lower teeth with jaws closed

Posterior or dorsal

Back half of body and bottoms of feet

Anterior or ventral

Front half and tops of feet

Plantar

Refers to the sole or posterior surface of the foot

Dorsal

Foot: refers to the top or anterior surface of the foot. Hand: refers to the back or posterior aspect of the hand

Palmar

Refers to the palm of the hand

Projection

A positioning term that describes the direction or path of the CR as it passed through the patient

Posteroanterior (PA) projection

A projection of the CR from posterior to anterior

Anteroposterior (AP) projection

A projection of the CR from anterior to posterior

Oblique projection

Projection of the upper or lower limb that is rotated (AP or PA). Must also include a qualifying term that indicates which way it is rotated, such as medial or lateral. Ex: AP oblique projection, medial rotation

Mediolateral and lateromedial projections

A lateral projection described by the path of the CR

Supine

Lying on back, facing upward