micro 4

gardasil 9

vlps induces neutralizing antibodies to prevent hpv attachment

carrageenan

polysaccharide in lubes that prevent hpv and hiv

treatment of hpv

topicals, liquid n2, surgical removal, ablation ~70

vlps

purified spike protein

HPV

recurrent respiratory papillomatous causes airway obstruction and often fatal

lifetime risk of HPV

>50%

male urethra is how much longer

4x

sxs for alcoholics

lazy epiglottis stays open, lazy macrophages dont clean up

sxs of smokers

destroys cillia that remove mucus and pathogens

upper flora of respiratory tract is similar to

oral cavity strep

lungs are historically considered

sterile

hpv is spread by

skin contact

microbes removed from lungs via

continous stream of mucus generated by ciliated epithelial cells, phagocytic action of alveolar macrophages, lysozume in mucus, soluble IgA

surfactants

allows movement of lungs and acts as antimicrobial peptides

saliva bacterial content

10^9 bact/mL

structure of mouth microbiome

layers

strep sp.

plaque, caries, gingivitis, perio

female genital tract

complex microbiota, acid tolerant lactobacillus dominant, estrogen stimulate glycogen prod, low pH, share flora w segsual partner

complex microbiota of females

state of fluctuation due to change of hormones and blood flow in cycle

lactobacillus use glycogen to produce

lactic acid lowers pH to 5

preterm and multigravida babies effect on flora

decrease in lacto and increase in bacteria diversity

outer ear

populated with bacteria often seen on the skin

inner ear

pseudomonas aeruginosa swimmers ear

women have more utis due to

short and moist urethra, most frequent is e. coli

first sxs of uti

burns when pee, lethargy

most bacteria and most diverse and most yeast and phages

large intestine colon

colon flora elimated via

peristalsis, desquamation, and mucus movement

desquamation

natural losing/shedding of cells

colon flora rapidly reproduced via

self regulating high reproductive rate

best thing chemo patients can eat

pears for constipation

>90 resident flora

obligate anaerobes lik bacteroides, bifida, fusobact. clostridium, etc

facultative aneaerobes in colon

present

purpose of appendix

holds bacter back to help when sick for regulation

EMPHASIS ON

bifidabacterium

impact of intestinal nf

provides enzymes for digestion, competes with exogenous pathogen, produces natural metabolites, modifies enviroment

natural metabolites

acids alcohols antibiotics bacteriosins

vitamin synthesis from intestinal flora

vit a and vit k

galt

gut associated lymphoid tissue

function of galt

contains all cells needed for robust immune system and normal response trained by nf

sIgA

antibody that blocks microbes from binding to host receptors

host protein glucosylation

sugars added to protein receptors on host tissues to decrease patho binding and increase expulsion

bacterial metabolism may result in

detoxification or certain dyes into carcinogens

leaky gut progression leads to

dysbiosis

first warning sign of LGP

food intolerances

causes of LGP

one or more of stress, toxins, food particles, drugs, pathos, organ malfunction

impact of gut permeability

increase of invasion and tissue breakdown

progression of leaky gut

gi inflammation to food intolerances to immune sys issues to autoimmunity

second brain

gut nf; releases pharmacologically active molecules that spread through blood

LPS shown to decrease thyroid receptor expression which leads to

hypothyroidism because not getting hormone signals

inflammed gut leads to

impaired nutrient absorption which is vital for throid health

autism and asthma associated with

decreased bacteria diversity

gut microbes

influence hormone production and behavior, interact with a number of endocrine receptors, and can change metabolism and virulence in response to signals

five day course of antibiotics can suppress up to 1/3 of the gut microbiome which

stops growth of new brain cells

stress biomarkers could indicate if someone is suffering from or risks developing ptsd which allows for

treatment or prevention with probiotics and antibiotics

decrease in brain derived neurotrophic factor causes

increased depression and anxiety

increased microbiome diversity at body sites that normally have restricted diversity

associated with disease

strategies for manipulating microbial growth

nutrition, antibiotics, microbial supplementation

goals of host defenses

protection and health

newest cancer treatments are

immunotherapies

lysozymes cut between

nag and nam to destroy peptidoglycan

physical barriers

skin and mucous membranes

chemical barriers

lysozymes and low stomach pH

cellular defensive

phagocytosis; macrophages

response to tissue damage

inflammation

molecular defense

small soluble proteins to act as cell-cell messengers

cytokines

chemical soluble messengers made by 1 type of cell to tell another cell what to do; each one has a different purpose

cytokines to know

IL, INF, TNF

how long does specific immunity take to develop

days to weeks and products react only with eliciting foreign substance

body makes in response to antigen

antigen

cells that make antibiodies

b cellst

help b cell increase antibody production via increase macrophage and

t helper cell

nonspecific immune response

acts as a first line of defense offers resistance to any microbe or foreign material and lacks immunological memory Does not adapt-stays the same