A&P Unit 2

List the components of the skeletal system

bones, cartilage, ligaments, and other connective tissue

List and explain the functions of the skeletal system

support, storage of minerals and lipids, blood cell production, protection, leverage (force of motion)/movement

Define bone markings and describe general function of processes/projections

where tendons/ligaments attach, at articulation with other bonesD

Define bone markings and general function of openings

where blood vessels and nerves enter or go through

Define bone markings and describe general function of depressions

blood vessels and nerves lie alongside

Describe condyle

a smooth, rounded articular process

Describe crest

prominent ridge

Describe foramen

round passageway for blood vessels and nerves

Describe fossa

shallow depression

Describe the head of a bone

expanded articular end

Describe process of a bone

projection or bump

Describe ramus

extension that forms at an angle with the rest of the bone

Describe sinus

chamber, usually filled with air

Describe tubercule

small, rounded projection

Describe trochanter

large, rough projection

Label a long bone

epiphysis (end)

metaphysis (between epi and dia)

diaphysis (shaft)

List the components of bone tissue

specialized cells

solid matrix

Describe the two parts of the bone matrix and state the function of each

1/3 collagen fibers - gives environment to form hydroxyapatite crystals

2/3 calcium phosphate - cell adhesion, tissue formation, and absorption of extracellular matrix proteins

List the two types of bones

spongy and compact

Summarize each type of bone’s structure and relative densities, then explain where they are found in a long bone

compact: osteon, osteocytes, parallel, perforating canals, lamallae (found in diaphysis)

spongy: trabuclae, red bone marrow (found in epiphysis)

Define osteon

basic unit of compact bone structure

Define the periosteum

covers all bones, except parts enclosed in joint capsules

Define the endosteum

an incomplete cellular layer

active in bone growth and repair

Define ossification

the process of replacing other tissues with bone

Define calcification

the process of depositing calcium salts that occurs during bone ossification and in other tissues

List the types of bone cells

osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteoprogenitors

Give function of osteocytes

mature bone cell that maintains the bone matrix

Give function of osteoblast

immature bone cells that secretes bone matrix

Give function of osteoclasts

Multinucleate cell that secretes acids and enzymes to dissolve bone matrix

Give function of osteoprogenitor

Stem cell whose divisions produce osteoblasts

Osteocyte function

stimulate new bone growth and regulate bone mass

regulates osteoblasts and osteoclasts

Osteoblast function

bone formation and repair

Osteoclast function

bone resorption, break down bone