ANATOMY Exam 3

What are the functions of the respiratory system

-gas exchange

-communication

-olfaction

-Acid-base balance

-BP regulation

-platelet production

-blood and lymph flow

-blood filtration

-expulsion of abdominal contents

What are the principle organs of the respiratory system?

nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

What are the functions of the Nose?

-Warms, cleanses, and humidifies air

-detect odors

-chamber that amplifies voice

What type of epithelium contains ciliated and goblet cells, which secrete most of the mucus?

Respiratory epithelium

What is erectile tissue?

a cleaning mechanism in the inferior nasal concha that swells every 30 mins to restrict airflow through one fossa

Where does the nose extend from

Nostrils to the choanae

Where does the pharynx extend from

Posterior nasal apertures to the larynx

What type of epithelium lines the Nasopharynx

pseudostratified columnar

What type of epithelium lines the oropharynx and laryngopharynx?

stratified squamous epithelium

What type of epithelium lines the trachea

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

What type of epithelium lines the bronchi?

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

What type of epithelium is in the bronchioles

ciliated cuboidal epithelium

What are the 2 functions of type 2 alveolar cells

-repair alveolar epithelium and they release surfactant

What does surfactant do?

Keeps the bronchioles from collapsing

What type of cells cover 95% of the alveolar surface area

Squamous( type 1) alveolar cells

Most numerous lung cells are?

alveolar macrophages

Does the Pluera contain the lung?

NO, it wraps around it

What are the 3 functions of the pleura

-Reduce friction

-creation of a pressure gradient

-compartmentalization

Quiet Respiration

relaxed, unconscious, automatic breathing

Forced respiration

unusually deep or rapid breathing

What are the principal muscles of respiration

Diaphragm and intercostal muscles

Valsalva maneuver

Taking a deep breath, holding it, then contracting the organ contents out

-ex: childbirth

atelectasis

The collapse of alveoli in the lungs due to loss of intrapleural pressure

Charles law

-Force that expands the lungs

• The volume of a given quantity of a gas is directly proportional to its absolute temp

What are the two reasons breathing depends on the brain

-skeletal muscles can not contract without nervous stimulation

-breathing requires multiple muscles, which requires a central coordinating mechanism

Ventral respiratory group

primary generator of the respiratory rhythm

• in the medulla

Dorsal respiratory group

-modifies the basic respiratory rhythm to adapt to varying conditions

Pontine respiratory group

adapts breathing to special circumstances such as sleep, exercise, vocalization, and emotional responses

dyspnea

labored, gasping breathing; shortness of breath

kussmaul respiration

deep, rapid breathing often induced by acidosis- seen in diabetes mellitus

Daltons law

The total atmospheric pressure is the sum of the contributions of the individual gases

How much nitrogen does the atmosphere contain

78.6%

Composition of inspired air and alveolar is different because of three influences

-moisture, residual air, alveolar exchanges with bloodh

henrys law

for a given temp, the amount of gas that dissolves in the water is determined by its solubility in water and its partial pressure in air

changes in gas for expired air

-Po2 116 mmHg

-Pco2 32 mmHg

Changes in gas for inspired air

Po2 159 mmHg

-Pco2 0.3 mmHg

Changes in gas for alveolar air

-Po2 104 mmHg

-Pco2 40 mmHg

Changes in gas for Deoxygenated blood

-Po2 40 mmHg

-Pco2 mmHg

changes in gas for oxygenated blood

-Po2 95 mmHg

-Pco2 40 mmHg

Changes in gas for tissue fluid

-Po2 40 mmHg

-Pco2 46 mmHg

What is hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy

Treatment with

What do central chemoreceptors do

They respond to changes in pH of the cerebrospinal fluid.

• They ensure a stable blood Co2 level

What do peripheral chemoreceptors do

-respond to O2 and Co2 content of the blood, but most of all pH

What is the Hering-Breuer reflex

A somatic reflex that is trigged by excessive inflation of the lungs to inhibit the I neurons and stop inspiration

What are the three factors influencing airway resistance

1)diameter of bronchioles

2) Pulmonary compliance

3) Surface tension

Anatomical dead space

Conducting division of airway where there is no gas exchange

What is a healthy FEV reading for an adult

75 - 80%

Restrictive disorders

-Reduce pulmonary compliance, limits the amount to which the lungs can expand, any disease that causes pulmonary fibrosis.

-Black lung disease and tuberculosis

Obstructive disorders

those that interfere with airflow by narrowing the airway, decreasing FEV

-Asthma, chronic bronchitis

What disease combines elements of both restrictive and obstructive disorders

Emphysema

What are the three forms of carbon dioxide transport

-carbonic acid, carbamino compounds, and dissolved in plasms

When the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve is shifted to the right…

There is less affinity and more unloading

When the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve is shifted to the left…

There is a higher affinity and more loading

bohr effect

Hydrogen bonds weaken the bond between hemoglobin and oxygen, promoting oxygen unloading

Haldane effect

Rate of co2 loading is adjusted to the varying needs of the tissues

what rate of breathing do we want to maintain for po2

95 mmHg

what rate of breathing do we want to maintain for pco2

40 mmHg

The most potent stimulus for breathing is___, followed by____, and the least significant is ____

pH,Co2,O2

Hypocapnia

Pco2 is less than 37 mmHg

Hypercapnia

Pco2 is greater than 43 mmHg

What is the most common cause of acidosis

Hypercapnia

What is the common cause of alkalosis

hypocapnia

Ketoacidosis

Acidosis brought about by rapid fat oxidation, releasing acidic ketone bodies

hypoxia

A deficiency of oxygen in a tissue or the inability to use oxygen

Hypoxemic hypoxia

state of low arterial Po2

ex: oxygen deficiency at high altitudes, drowning, respiratory arrest

Ischemic hypoxia

Inadequate circulation of blood

ex: congestive heart failure

Anemic Hypoxia

reduced ability for the blood to carry oxygen even when the oxygen levels in the lungs are normal

Histotoxic Hypoxia

metabolic poisons like cyanide prevent tissues from using oxygen

What are the five stages of digestion

Ingestion, digestion, absorption, compaction, and defecation

Mechanical digestion

the physical breakdown of food into smaller particles

Chemical digestion

hydrolysis reactions that break down macromolecules into their monomers

What does the digestive tract include

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine

What are the accessory organs of the digestive system

Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

Order of the tissue layers

Mucosa (lamina propria and the muscularis mucosae), submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa

Submucosal (Meissner) plexus of the enteric nervous system

• controls the glandular secretion of mucosa, and controls movements of the musclaris mucosae

myenteric (Aeurbach) plexus of the enteric nervous system

• controls peristalsis and other contractions of the muscularis externa

What organs are intraperitoneal

The stomach, liver, and parts of the small and large intestines

What organs are retroperitoneal

duodenum, most of the pancreas, and parts of the large intestine

What type of tissue lines the mouth

stratified squamous epithelium

How much saliva does the the extrinsic salivary glands secrete per day

1.0 to 1.5 L

What do the pharyngeal constrictors do

force food downward during swallowing

lower esophageal sphincter

prevents stomach contents from regurgitating into the esophagus