ch.10 cgd

Emotion

an experience that includes physiological reactions, interpretation of the situation, communication with others, and actions

Basic emotions

happiness, sadness, fear, anger, interest, and disgust

Emotional display rules

cultural norms for when, how, and to whom emotions should or should not be expressed

Emotion schemas

ways of thinking about emotions

Social referencing

process of understanding emotions by observing how others react in uncertain situations

Empathy

experiencing the feelings of others

Sympathy

sharing another person’s distress

Primary emotions

basic emotions present early in life

Secondary emotions

emotions that require self-awareness and cognitive development

Self-conscious emotions

emotions that require evaluation of oneself

Guilt

feeling that results from regret over a specific behavior

Shame

feeling that results from focusing on a negative aspect of the self that cannot be changed

II. Temperament

Temperament

general way an individual responds to experiences in the world

Temperament (Thomas and Chess)

profiles of temperament developed through research

Easy temperament

positive mood, adaptable, regular biological rhythms

Difficult temperament

negative mood, slow to adapt, irregular biological rhythms

Slow-to-warm temperament

mild reactions, slow adjustment, somewhat negative mood

Goodness of fit

match between a child’s temperament and environmental demands

Stability of temperament

tendency for temperament to remain consistent over time

Activity level

level of physical activity in temperament

Adaptability

ease of adjusting to changes

Approach/withdrawal

initial response to new situations or people

Attention span and persistence

ability to focus and maintain effort

Distractibility

ease of being distracted

Intensity of reaction

strength of emotional response

Quality of mood

general emotional tone (positive or negative)

Rhythmicity

regularity of biological functions

Threshold of responsiveness

level of stimulation needed to evoke a response

III. Emotion Regulation and Self-Control

Emotional intelligence

ability to understand, manage, and use emotions effectively in interactions

Emotional regulation

adjusting emotional responses to cope with situations

Self-control

ability to regulate one’s behavior

Control of emotional expression

ability to express emotions appropriately

Infant emotion regulation

very limited ability to regulate emotions due to immature brain development

Self-soothing

infant behaviors used to calm themselves

Adult modeling of emotion

adults serve as models for children’s emotional regulation

Emotion coaching

parenting style that helps children understand and manage emotions

Emotion dismissing

parenting style that minimizes or ignores children’s negative emotions

Effortful control

ability to consciously regulate behavior

Delay of gratification

ability to resist immediate reward for a larger future reward

IV. Normal Emotions and Emotional Problems

Externalizing behaviors

negative behaviors directed outward toward others

Internalizing behaviors

negative emotions directed inward toward oneself

Fear

emotional response to a known or definite threat

Anxiety

anticipation of a future threat or uncertain outcome

Anxiety disorder

excessive anxiety that interferes with daily functioning

Phobia

intense, irrational fear of a specific object or situation

Generalized anxiety disorder

persistent, excessive worry about multiple areas

Panic disorder

sudden episodes of intense fear

Separation anxiety disorder

excessive fear of being away from caregivers