Lab 2 Exam Review

Long Bones

Greater in length than width (femur, humerus)

Short Bones

Length nearly equal to width (carpals + tarsals)

Flat Bones

Flat, thin surfaces, may be slightly curved (cranial bones)

Irregular Bones

Elaborate, sometimes complex shapes (vertebrae)

Sesamoid Bones

Small, sesame seed-shaped bones along the tendons of some muscles, classified as short bones. (Patella is the largest sesamoid bone)

Sutural Bones

Small bones located within sutures of the skull, vary in number and shape among individuals

Long Bone Structures - Diaphysis/shaft

Elongated, usually cylindrical shaft

Long Bone Structures - Medullary Cavity

• Hollow, cylindrical space within the diaphysis

• Contains red bone marrow in children and yellow bone marrow in adults

Long Bone Structures - Metaphysis

Region between the diaphysis and epiphysis

Long Bone Structures - Epiphysis

Knobby region at each end of the long bone

Long Bone Structures - Epiphyseal Plate/Line

• Thin layer of hyaline cartilage located within metaphysis

• In adults, the epiphyseal line, is the remnant of the epiphyseal plate

What structures are located in the axial skeleton?

The skull, hyoid, sternum, ribs, and vertebral column

What is the mnemonic for the foramina of the skull?

“Old Rotund Owls Spin Lazily Across Jugs”

1. Optic

2. Rotundum

3. Ovale

4. Spinosum

5. Lacerum

6. Acoustic

7. Jugular

Appendicular Skeleton Bones

Clavicle, scapula, humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges, os coxae, femur, patella, fibula, tibia, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

Synarthroses

Immobile joints, can be fibrous or cartilaginous joints

Amphiarthrosis

Slightly mobile joints, can be fibrous or cartilaginous joints

Diarthroses

Freely mobile joints, all synovial joints

Fibrous Joints

• Bones connected by dense regular CT

• Have no joint cavity

• Immobile or only slightly mobile

• Three most common types:

  • Gomphoses

  • Sutures

  • Syndesmoses

Gomphosis

• “Peg in a socket”

• Articulations of teeth with sockets of mandible + maxillae

• Tooth held in place by fibrous periodontal membranes

• Function as synarthroses (very stable)

Suture

• Found between some skull bones

  • Very short fibers

• Interlocking, irregular edges

  • Increases stability + decreases risk of fracture

• Function as synarthroses

• Allow growth in childhood

• Become ossified synostoses in older adults

Syndesmoses

• Bound by interosseous membrane, broad ligamentous sheet

• Found between radius + ulna and between tibia + fibula

• Function as amphiarthroses

  • Provides pivot for two long bones

Cartilaginous Joints

• Either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage between bones

• Lack a joint cavity

• Immobile or slightly mobile

• Synchondroses or symphyses

Synchondroses

• Bones joined by hyaline cartilage

• Immobile (synarthroses)

Symphyses

• Pads of fibrocartilage between articulating bones

  • Resist compression and act as shock absorbers

• Allow slight mobility (amphiarthroses)

Synovial Joints

• Bones separated by a joint cavity

• Included most joints in the body

• Diarthroses (freely mobile)

• All with several basic features:

  • Articular capsule + joint cavity

  • Synovial fluid

  • Articular cartilage

  • Ligaments, nerves, + blood vessels

Planar Joint

• Articular surfaces flat

• Simplest, least mobile synovial articulation

• Uniaxial: limited to side-to-side gliding movement in a single plane

Hinge Joint

• Convex surface within concave depression

• Uniaxial: like the hinge of a door

Pivot Joint

• Bone with rounded surface fits into ligament ring

• Uniaxial joint: rotation on longitudinal axis

• EX: Rotation of head

Condylar Joint

• Oval, convex surface articulating with concave surface

• Biaxial

Saddle Joint

• Convex + concave surfaces resembling saddle-shape

• Biaxial

• EX: Thumb, opposition movement

Ball-and-Socket Joint

• Spherical head of one bone fitting into cuplike socket

• Multiaxial, permitting movement in three planes

• The most freely mobile type of joint

Extension + Flexion

• Flexion (“Fetal Position”)

  • Decreases the angle between bones: brings bones closer together

  • EX: Bending a finger

• Extension

  • Increases angle between articulating bones

  • EX: Straightening your fingers after making a fist

Lateral Flexion

• Trunk of body moving in coronal plane laterally

• Occurs between vertebrae in the cervical + lumber region

Abduction + Adduction

• Abduction (“Alien taking body part away”)

  • Lateral movement of body part away from midline

  • EX: Arm or thigh moved laterally from body midline

• Adduction (“Adding size to the body”)

  • Medial movement of body part toward the midline

  • EX: Arm or thigh brought back toward midline

Circumduction

• Proximal end of appendage relatively stationary

• Distal end makes a circular motion

• Movement creates an imaginary cone-shape

• EX: Drawing a circle on a chalkboard

Rotation

Bone pivots on its longitudinal axis

Lateral Rotation + Medial Rotation

• Lateral Rotation - turns anterior surface of bone laterally

• Medial Rotation - turns anterior surface of bone medially

Pronation + Supination

• Pronation - medial rotation of forearm so palm of hand posterior

• Supination - lateral rotation of forearm so palm of hand anterior (“Asking for soup”)

Depression + Elevation

• Depression

  • Inferior movement of a body part

  • EX: Movement of mandible when opening mouth

• Elevation

  • Superior movement of a body part

  • EX: Movement of mandible when closing mouth

Dorsiflexion + Plater Flexion

• Dorsiflexion (flexing foot)

  • EX: When digging in your hells

• Planter Flexion (point foot)

  • EX: Ballerina on tiptoes

Eversion + Inversion

• Eversion (“Eversion forever)

  • Sole turns laterally

• Inversion (“Inversion leaves you inverted)

  • Sole turns medially

Protraction + Retraction

• Protraction

  • Anterior movement from anatomic position

  • EX: Jutting jaw anteriorly at temporomandibular joint

• Retraction

  • Posterior movement from anatomic position

  • EX: Pulling in jaw posteriorly at temporomandibular joint

Opposition

• Movement of thumb toward tips of fingers at carpometacarpal joint

• Enables the thumb to grasp objects

Glenohumeral joint

“Shoulder” Joint

• Diarthrodial/Synovial

• Ball + Socket Joint

• Components:

  • Glenoid fossa of scapula

  • Head of humerus

Humeroulnar joint

“Elbow” Joint

• Diarthrodial/Synovial

• Hinge Joint

• Components:

  • Trochlea of humerus

  • Trochlear notch of ulna

Humeroradial joint

“Elbow” Joint

• Diarthrodial/Synovial

• Hinge Joint

• Components:

  • Capitulum of humerus

  • Head of radius

Proximal radioulnar joint

“Elbow” Joint

• Diarthrodial/Synovial

• Pivot Joint

• Components:

  • Head of radius

  • Radial notch of ulna

Intercarpal & intertarsal joints

• Diarthrodial/Synovial

• Plane Joint

• Components:

  • Articular surfaces of carpal/tarsal bones

Coxal joint

“Hip” Joint

• Diarthrodial/Synovial

• Ball + Socket Joint

• Components:

  • Acetabulum of coxa

  • Head of femur

Tibiofemoral joint

“Knee” Joint

• Diarthrodial/Synovial

• Hinge Joint

• Components:

  • Condyles of femur

  • Condyles of tibia

  • Medial + lateral menisci

Talocrural joint

• Diarthrodial/Synovial

• Hinge Joint

• Components:

  • Medial malleolus of tibia

  • Lateral malleolus of fibula

  • Articular surfaces of talus

Temporomandibular joint

“Jaw” Joint

• Diarthrodial/Synovial

• Hinge and plane Joint

• Components:

  • Mandibular fossa of temporal bone

  • Anterior tubercle of temporal bones

  • Articular disc

  • Head of mandible

What is the origin, insertion, and action of the sternocleidomastoid muscle?

• Origin - manubrium of sternum + clavicle

• Insertion - mastoid process

• Action - rotation, slight lateral flexion

What is the origin, insertion, and action of the pectoralis major muscle?

• Origin - ribs + body of sternum

• Insertion - humerus

• Action - flexes, adducts, + medially rotates arm

What is the origin, insertion, and action of the trapezius muscle?

• Origin - clavicle + acromion process + spine of scapula

• Insertion - occipital bone + lower thoracic vertebrae

• Action - elevates + depresses scapula, rotates scapula superiorly, retracts scapula

What is the origin, insertion, and action of the latissimus dorsi muscle?

• Origin - thoracic spine, ribs, + iliac crest

• Insertion - humerus

• Action - extends, adducts, + medially rotates arm

What is the origin, insertion, and action of the rectus abdominis muscle?

• Origin - pubic symphysis + crest

• Insertion - xiphoid process + ribs

• Action - flexes trunk, compresses abdominal viscera, used in forced expiration

What are some of the main functions of head and neck muscles?

Head movement, mastication (chewing), facial expressions, and speech

What are some of the main functions of chest and back muscles?

• Torso movement, but some help with arm movement

• Back - vertebral column movement

What are some of the main functions of respiration muscles?

Breathing in and out by changing pressure in the thorax

What are some of the main functions of abdominal wall muscles?

Form several layers of muscle that contribute to abdominal movement + structure

What are the abdominal wall muscles from superficial → deep?

External obliques, rectus abdominis (medial) and internal obliques (lateral), transversus abdominis

Compact Bone Slide - Osteocytes in Lacunae

• Structure: mature bone cells in spaces between concentric lamellae (lacunae)

• Function: osteocytes function to maintain the bone matrix, lacunae house osteocytes

Compact Bone Slide - Canaliculi

“Telephone poles”

• Structure: interconnecting channels that project from the osteocyte and lacuna to connect to the central canal

• Function: allows osteocytes to exchange nutrients + other substances with one another

Compact Bone Slide - Osteon

“Bull’s-Eye Target”

• Structure: small cylindrical structures, oriented parallel to bone diaphysis

• Function: basic functional + structural unit of mature compact bone

Compact Bone Slide - Central Canal

• Structure: cylindrical channel at center of osteon + parallel to it, blood vessels + nerves extend through the channel

• Function: provides a tunnel for the supply of blood, oxygen, and nutrients to bone

Compact Bone Slide - Concentric Lamellae

• Structure: layers of bone matrix arranged concentrically around central canals

• Function: gives bone strength + resilience

Bone Tissue - Spongy Bone

Toward the medullary cavity of the bone, contains trabeculae and red/yellow marrow

Spongy Bone - Trabeculae

• Open lattice of narrow rods + plates of bones

• Meshwork of crisscrossing bars

Spongy Bone - Red or Yellow Marrow

Fills spaces between trabeculae

Compact Bone - Circumferential Lamellae

• External - rings of bone run immediately internal to the periosteum

• Internal - rings of bone run internal to the endosteum

Compact Bone - Interstitial Lamellae

Components of compact bone between osteons or partially resorbed osteons

Compact Bone - Perforating Canals

Run perpendicular to central canals, contains blood vessels + nerves

Bone Tissue - Periosteum

Outside of bone

Bone Tissue - Endosteum

Covers all internal surfaces of bone within medullary cavity

Paranasal Sinus

One of many small hollow spaces in bones around the nose

Frontal Sinus

Cavity/opening in the frontal region

Sphenoid Sinus

Cavity/opening in the sphenoid bone (inferior to ethmoid sinus)

“E comes before S”

Ethmoid Sinus

Cavity/opening in the ethmoid bone, between the eyes (superior to sphenoid sinus)

“E comes before S”

Maxillary Sinus

Cavity/opening in the maxillary bone/cheekbone regions

Coronal Suture

Suture in the skull that runs across the coronal plane

Sagittal Suture

Suture in the skull that runs across the sagittal plane

Lambdoidal/Lambdoid Suture

Suture found at the back of the skull that connects the parietal bones with the occipital bone

Squamosal/Squamous Suture

Suture between the parietal and temporal bones on each side of the skull

Where is the frontal bone located?

Frontal Bone - Supraorbital Notch/Foramen

• “Above orbital notch”

• Located above the eye socket (orbit)

Where is the parietal bone located?

“Paired bones”

Where is the occipital bone located?

Occipital Bone - Foramen Magnum

“Magnum = huge”

• A large hole, foramen, in the occipital bone

• Where the brain stem exits, and the spinal cord is connected

• Allows for nodding

Occipital Bone - Occipital Condyles

• Rounded projections under the occipital bone

• Articulates with vertebral column

• Next to foramen magnum

• Allows for nodding movement

Where is the temporal bone located?

Temporal Bone - External Auditory/Acoustic Meatus

Hole in the temporal bone that permeates, where we hear things

Temporal Bone - Styloid Process

Penlike, sharp projection of the temporal bone

Temporal Bone - Zygomatic Process

• Bony projection on the temporal bone that articulates with the zygomatic bone

• Cheekbones - think the Kardashians

Temporal Bone - Mastoid Process

A bony projection of the temporal bone located behind the ear, looks like a big chunk

Temporal Bone - Carotid Canal

Passage in the temporal bone that allows the internal carotid artery to enter the skull and supply blood to the brain

Temporal Bone - Jugular Foramen

Jugular vein runs through this foramen, lateral to foramen magnum

Where is the sphenoid bone located?

”Bat-shaped bone”

Sphenoid Bone - Sella Turcica

• Houses the pituitary gland

• Named for its resemblance to a saddle

Sphenoid Bone - Greater Wings

• Larger, lower portion of the sphenoid bone in the skull

• Sits inferiorly to lesser wings