BOD cytokines, cell markers & viruses

C-type lectin receptors (CLR)

for fungal infections

lectin= carbohydrate binding protein

NOD-like receptors (NLR)

peptidoglycan fragments from bacteria

RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs)

viral RNA in cytoplasm

IL-2

from activated T-cells (TCR binding) or activated dendritic cells (PRR binding)

stimulates proliferation of activated T cells & increases NK/ CD8 killing capacity

IL-4

from dendritic cells & from Th2 cells

Th2 helper cell induction & cross-inhibition to block Th1 & Th17 differentiation

IL-6

from activated macrophages

fat & muscle metabolism (UCP), endogenous pyrogen → raises temperature

acute phase protein production → C-reactive protein & mannose binding lectin + other complement components

alone: T follicular helper cell induction

w TGF beta: Th17

IL-10

anti-inflammatory produced by macrophages after engulfing apoptotic neutrophils

EBV→ vIL-10 which is anti-inflammatory mimic

Treg produces

IL-12

From macrophages to recruit & activate NK cells (IFN-gamma then causes M1 polarisation)

from dendritic cells for Th1 specification

Th1 cells

Induced by IL-12 release from dendritic cells & IFN-gamma +ve feedback

Release IFN-gamma

• activates NK cells & macrophages & CTLs

IL-2 release → promote T cell proliferation

Th2 cells

induced by IL-4 & IL-13 release from dendritic cells

release IL-4, IL-5, IL-13

• IL-4 for further Th2 production

• IL-5 for eosinophil recruitment

• IL-13 for smooth muscle contraction, epithelial turn over & goblet cell mucus production

induce IgE antibody production

Recruit basophils, eosinophils & M2 macrophage polarisation

Th17 cells

Induced by TGF beta & IL-6

produce IL-17 & IL-22

• IL-17 → epithelial cell pro-inflammatory cytokine production

• IL-22 → antimicrobial peptide production from epithelial cells & growth + shedding

TFH cells

induced by IL-6 alone

aid B cell activation & class switching

• express CD40L to bind to CD40 on B cells to stimulate proliferation

  • only if activated by binding to peptide fragment expressed on MHC class II

• Release IL-21 → B cell activation

Treg cells

tTreg in thymus during development from autoreactive T cells

pTreg in periphery → induced by TGF-beta release

iTreg → made in petri dish

TNF alpha

from macrophages & mast cells

for acute inflammatory response

• ICAM expression & P-selectin then E-selectin expression

TGF beta

Treg induction alone

w IL-6 then Th17 induction

Gut= TGF beta high environment → pTreg

released from Treg → cross inhibition of Th1 & Th2

type 1 IFN (alpha & beta etc)

from cells that detect viral infection via PRRs (IRF3/7)

induce antiviral state by binding to jak-STAT signalling then ISGF-3

type II IFN (gamma)

from Th1 for further Th1 induction & cross-inhibition

CXCL8

from macrophages

induce LFA-1 conformational change (bind CXCR1 on neutrophils)

neutrophil activation

sticks to ECM to form gradient for chemotaxis

CD3

on T cells → associates w TCR

• has ITAM - immunoreceptor tyrosine based activation motif

  • phosphorylated

CD20

B cell marker

Rituximab = mAb anti CD20 for B lymphoma & biological DMARD

CD40 & CD40L

For split tolerance

• CD40L on TFH

• CD40 on B-cell

CD28 & B7 (CD80/86)

B7 on activated dendritic cells

CD28 on T cells binds

• T cell licensing

CTLA4

on Treg cells for binding B7 & transendocytosis to remove

• abatacept= fusion protein of CTLA4 & Fc of IgG1

Influenza type

-ve sense ssRNA

replication in nucleus using cap snatching (5’cap of host mRNA)

SARS-Cov-2 type

+ve sense ssRNA

• w proof readinghe

Hepatitis A

+ve sense ssRNA

Hepatitis B

partial dsDNA genome

• reversivirus uses reverse transcription w/o genome integration

Hepatitis C

+ve sense ssRNA

• large variability= no vaccine

HIV

+ve ssRNA

• retrovirus

Smallpox

dsDNA virus

Pox viruses

dsDNA viruses (but replicate in cytoplasm & have enzymes for transcription of DNA genome & packaging)

Herpes simplex virus

dsDNA virus that can cause latent infections

human cytomegalovirus

dsDNA virus

HPV

200 types -dsDNA virus

HPV 16 & 18 associated with cervical carcinoma

Poliovirus

positive strand ssRNA

• poliomyelitis via motor neuron spread

Herpes viruses

Establish latency

dsDNA

enveloped