Infection Prevention and Control 2

What are the 5 means/modes of transmission?

1. contact

2. droplet

3. airborne

4. common vehicle

5. vector-borne

Direct contact

• person to person

• most common

• microorganisms transferred by direct physical contact w/ an infected or colonized client

Example of direct contact microorganisms

• hepatitis A

• C-diff

• Staphylococcus

• MRSA

• VRE

Indirect Contact

• inanimate object that can transmit infection

Examples of indirect contact microorganisms

• C-diff

• staphylococcus

• MRSA

• VRE

• RSV

Droplets

• can be spread a short distance (up to 2m) through air and deposited on the mucous membranes of the host

• can become smaller and travel further w/ aerosol generating medical procedures (AGMP)

Examples of droplet microorganisms

• Influenza

• Rubella

• Ebola

• SARS

Airborne

• viable microorganisms contained in aerosolized secretions containing infectious microorganisms propelled over short/long distances and inhaled by host

• exposure can occur immediately or long period of time

• highly contagious and communicable

Examples of Airborne microorganisms

• tuberculosis

• varicella

• measles (can be transmitted after 90 mins)

Common vehicle

• a single contaminated source results in a large scale outbreak or spreads to multiple hosts

• Ex. food, medication, water etc.

examples of common vehicle microorganisms

• pseudomonas

• e-coli

• salmonella

Vector borne

• vectors are living organisms that can transmit infectious diseases b/w humans or from animals to humans

• Mosquito = most common vector

• illnesses spread via vector borne

How can vector borne be transmitted?

• bites

• feces of vector

• physical contact

Chain of Infection of Hepatitis B

• Infectious agent

  • Hepatitis B virus

• Reservoir

  • Humans (circulatory and reproductive systems)

• Portal of Exit

  • blood, semen, vaginal secretions

• Mode of transmission

  • contact w/ blood or other body fluids of the infected person

• Portal of entry

  • opening in the body that a fluid containing the virus could het into

• Susceptible host

  • Not vaccinated for HBV and encounters bodily fluids of infected person

Chain of Infection of Covid 19

• Infectious agent

  • SaRS-CoV-2 (severe acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2)

• Reservoir

  • Human (respiratory)

• Portal of Exit

  • Respiratory = talking, coughing, sneezing

• Mode of transmission

  • Respiratory droplets and aerosols created when an infected person coughs, sneezes, sings, shouts, talks

• Portal of entry

  • infectious droplets or aerosols in direct contact w/ mucous membranes

• Susceptible host

  • anyone w/o immunity

What is an ARO?

antibiotic resistant organisms

HAI’s are commonly caused by what?

ARO

Common ARO in health care settings include

• Clostridioides difficile (C. diff)

  • life threatening diarrhea + colitis

• Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

• Vancomysin-resistant enterococcus (VRE)

  • can cause serious infections including bloodstream, surgical cite and UTIs

• Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)

• Carbapenamase producing enterobactericaceae (CPE)

How does AROs occur?

pathogens mutate and gain ability to defeat drugs designed to kill them

2 tier of precautions

1. routine practices (standard practices)

2. Additional precautions (isolation precautions)

Routine practices

done AT ALL TIMES, requires PCRA, minimizes spread of infection

Additional precautions

• practices required in addition to routine practices

• Based on mode of transmission of infectious agent (airoborne, droplet, contact)

What medical procedures create AGMP?

• intubation

• suctioning

• CPR

• Bronchoscopy

• Nebulized therapy

• CPAP/BiPAP

• autopsy

Strategies to reduce the level of AGMP?`

• use appropriate sedation

• limit the number of personnel in the room when AGMPs are being performed

• maintain appropriate ventilation

• use a single room when an airborne infection isolation room is unavailable

• ensure respirators are worn