unit 4 history test

Khan

The Turkish word for “lord,” used especially for rulers of the nomad empires of the central Eurasian steppes

Chakravartin

In Indian political thought, the “wheel-turning king,” a universal monarch  who enjoys the favor of the gods and acts as a defender of religious orthodoxy

Hinduism

The name given (first by Muslims) to the body of religious teachings, derived from the Brahminical religion of the Vedic era, that developed in response to the challenge of Buddhism

Jati

In India, a caste status based primarily on occupation

Importance of Printing

Reproducing Buddhist scriptures and other religious texts; Helped propagate official ideas and values

Civil Service Examinations

Complex series of texts based on the Confucian classics, history, poetry, and other subjects

Purpose of Civil Service Examinations

Served as the primary method for recruiting government officials from the eleventh century onward

Importance of Civil Service Examinations

Played a crucial role in establishing Neo-Confucianism; Restored the supremacy of civil authority

Neo-Confucianism

The revival of Confucian teachings beginning in the Song dynasty that firmly rejected Buddhist religion and reasserted the Confucian commitment to moral perfection and the betterment of society

Influence of Neo-Confucianism in the Song Dynasty

Emphasized self-cultivation and a harmonized state

Importance of Sanskrit

Known as the king's language and used to reinforce their power and authority

Purpose of Madrasas

Schools for education in Islamic religion and traditions of legal interpretation

The Madrasas Impact on Islamic Societies

Promoted the unification of Sunni theology and law and blurred the boundaries between church and state; Helped forge a common religious identity

Dominant Languages in Europe, Islamic Civilizations, Southern Asia, and East Asia

Chinese, Latin, and Sanskrit

How the Dominant Languages eventually waned

The ebbing authority of vast multicultural empires and the rise of regional and national states; The vernacular languages helped create new cultural connections

Conflict Between the Papacy and Independence of Universities

Instructors were starting to teach that faith is incomplete without rational reasoning, which went against everything the Papacy taught

Purpose of European Universities

Schooling created a common elite culture and a single educated class; The want for enlisting educated men in government service

Appeal to Buddhism in China

Encouragement of the prospect of gaining salvation within a person's present lifetime, rather than after many lives of suffering; The revision of Karma and the understanding of it; Served many useful political purposes

Pure Land Buddhists

Expressed deep pessimism about mortal existence; Emphasized salvation through faith alone rather than good works; Devotions focused on simple rituals and focused on the worship of compassionate savior figures

Zen Buddhists

Rejected a religious life centered on recitation of scripture and performance of rituals; Embraced strict discipline and mystical understanding of truth as the genuine path of enlightenment ; Emphasized sublime spiritual enlightenment rather than rebirth in paradise

What made the Khan’s successful

Technology and innovations in warfare

The Turkic Khanate’s contributions to future nomadic tribes

Crossroads for trade and cultural exchange

How Hinduism rose to prominence again

From changes in religious practice and from the wealth and power Brahman groups obtained through royal patronage

Bhakti

Devotional worship; Encouraged more active participated by women who had been excluded from religious life

Vishnu

Appeared both as the wise philosopher-warrior of the celebrated philosophical poem Bhagavad Gita and as a rustic herdsman; The patron of cowherds and devoted lover of the milkmaid Radha

Sui Dynasty Reforms

Centralized government; Equal-field system; Tax and labor

Sui Dynasty Infrastructure

Grand canal

How Japan, Vietnam, and Korea were impacted by China

The spread of Buddhism; Written language, literary heritage, and social values

How Japan, Vietnam, and Korea were impacted by India

The spread of Hinduism; Social values, royal lineages, and noble classes

Why the Mongols were halted in Europe

Due to the feuding among the Mongol princes after the death of Ogodei in 1241

The Mamluks importance in the Islamic World

Regime devoted itself to promoting the Islamic faith and strengthening state wealth and power; Set aside intense religious differences with their Christian allies to further their own political and commercial interests

Conflict between the Mamluks and the Mongols

The Mamluks began to rally their fellow Muslims to the cause of holy war against the Mongol onslaught due to the Mongols destroying the city of Baghdad and killing 200,000 people for booty

Genghis Khan

Founder of the Mongol Empire; Skilled warrior

Genghis Khan Importance

Was able to unite the Nomadic Mongolian tribes under one rule or confederation; Connected and increased trade across Eurasia; Spread ideas, technology, and culture

Genghis Khan Conquests

China, Eurasia, Mongolia, Persia

Who Conquered all of China

Kublai Khan

How the Mongols ruled over China

Kept themselves at the top of society; Let Chinese officials help them run the government, and encouraged trade with foreigners; Protected the Silk Road and used religious tolerance

Mongol Rule in the Middle East

Created the Ilkhanate; Rebuilt trade networks after destruction from invasions; Adopted Islam and local customs; Encouraged learning, science, and cultural exchange

Importance of Rashid al-Din

Important historian in the Ilkhanate; Wrote a major history of the Mongols, recorded information about cultures and empires, and helped preserve knowledge about Mongol history

How the Mongols ruled in Europe

Used the Golden Horde; Collected taxes from Russian princes and controlling trade routes; Allowed local rulers to stay in power if they obeyed; Helped shape Russian government and military systems

Mongol weapons

Skilled with bows on horseback; Used weapons and ideas from conquered peoples

Mongol Skills

Expert horse riders; Fast moving armies

Mongol Tactics

Surprise attacks; Fake retreats to trick enemies; Organized communication

Mongol Strategies

Armies divided into organized groups; Strict military rules; Used terror to make cities surrender quickly