Values, Beliefs, and Caring

Belief

mental representation of reality or about what is correct or what they expect to happen in a situation

Zero order beliefs

unconscious (object permanence)

First order beliefs

conscious, based on direct experiences

Higher order beliefs

generalizations derived from first order beliefs

Values

ideas about what a person sees as good and correct or bad and wrong and what has worth in life

(life principles, shape their thoughts feelings and actions)

First order beliefs serve as

foundation or an individual's belief system

How are first order beliefs acquired

Directly through experiences, begins early in childhood

And info shared by authority figures

Do not change

Higher order beliefs

Derived from first order beliefs, uses inductive or deductive reasoning

Form generalizations (general statements about things) and relate to info

Generalizations come from

Unconscious

Stereotype

conceotualized depiction of a person, or group that is thought to be typical of all others in that category

used to rationalize bias

Prejudice

preformed opinion about entire group based on insufficient knowledge

Values system

Set of consistent values and measures that are organized into a belief system

What does value system do

Helps choose between alternatives, resolve values conflicts, and make decisions

Values conflict

Occurs when there is an actual difference between two belief systems

(When evidence based practice supports interventions that patient doesn't agree with)

Values clarification

Process that allows individuals to consider, clarify, and prioritize their personal values

What does values clarification do

Help patients identify conflict and reach a decision and Avoid unintended persuasion

Paradigm

Worldview that nurses have

Caring

having concern or regard for another

nurse-patient relationship

What is caring affected by

Paradigm

Leininger

Theory of cultural care diversity and universality

Accommodate care to patient

Intentionally care for patient

Foundations of Leininger theory

1) care is a central unifying focus of nursing;

(2) a cure cannot occur without caring; (3) culture is embedded in all aspects of one's being; and (4) culturally congruent care promotes health

Nursing actions of Leininger theory

maintaining patients cultural health practice

Accommodating, adapting, adjusting health care practices for culturally congruent care

Culture care repatterning of professional actions and decisions as established by patient and nurse

Promotes understanding of care needed among diverse populations

Jean Watson

Theory of human caring

Holistic focus

Being present with patient

One caring embraces another

Caritas process of jean Watson theory

Practicing loving-kindness and equanimity within context of caring consciousness

Being authentically present and enabling, and sustaining the deep belief system and subjective life world of self and the one being cared for.

Cultivating one's own spiritual practices and transpersonal self, going beyond ego self.

Developing and sustaining a helping-trusting, authentic caring relationship.

Being present to and supportive of the expression of positive and negative feelings.

Creatively using self and all ways of knowing as part of the caring process; engaging in artistry of caring-healing prac-

Engaging in genuine teaching-learning experience that attends to wholeness and meaning, attempting to stay within other's frame of reference.

Creating healing environment at all levels, whereby whole-ness, beauty, comfort, dignity, and peace are potentiated.

Assisting with basic needs, with an intentional caring con-sciousness, administering "human care essentials," which potentiate alignment of mind-body-spirit, wholeness in all aspects of care.

Opening and attending to mysterious dimensions of one's life-death; soul care for self and the one being cared for; "allowing and being open to miracles."

Kristen Swanson

Theory of caring

Experiences of women who suffered miscarriage

Caring in supportive environment

Process of theory of caring

knowing, being with, doing for, enabling, and maintains belief

Anne Boykin and Savina Schoenhofer

Theory of nursing as caring

Caring is human mode of existence

Nurse and patient share lived experience of caring

Compassion, confidence, comportment

Understanding values and the roles they play

Attributes of theory of nursing as caring

compassion, competence, conscience, confidence, commitment, comportment

Caring ingredients of the theory of nursing as caring

alternative rhythms, courage, honesty, hope, humility, knowing, patience, trusting

Caring behaviors

Compassion, presence, touch, active listening

Compassion

Force that impels one to recognize acknowledge and act to alleviate human suffering

Factors of compassion

attentiveness, listening, confronting, involvement,t helping, presence, understanding

Benefits of compassion

Increase trust and hope, adherence, greater disclosure

Presence

Shared group of perceptions of human connectedness between nurse and patient, calm fears

Components of presence

nurse characteristics, patient characteristics, shared characteristics in relationship, environmental characteristics, nurses decision to practice

Benefits of presence

Increased QOL, emotional comfort, empowerment, peacefulness

Touch

Intentional contact between two or more people, maintain professional boundaries

task-oriented touch

Performing nursing interventions

(Giving bath, changing dressings, injections)

What should you do with task oriented touch

Always get help if needed

Explain task to patient

caring touch

Nonverbal communication

Soothe, comfort, rapport, create bond

Holding hand

When is caring touch intrusive

In patients with abuse, hostile, confused

Healing touch as intervention

intentional light touch for relaxation

pain management, reduce anxiety, lower BP

decrease length of stay

Therapeutic touch as intervention

energy exchange performed by certified practitioners

touch or pass over patients body focus on energy fields

helping, decreased anxiety, decreased cardiac dysrhythmias, improved vital signs and sleep quality

Active listening

One fully concentrated on what the other person is saying

Has to be acquired through time and experience

Paying attention and using multiple senses to listen

Listen to what patients says and what they mean

Focus on patient, respect and interest

Compassion fatigue

Physical and emotional exhaustion and extreme inability to empathize

Lack of resources and time

Compassion fatigue can cause

difficulty sleeping, low morale and concentration

What can compassion fatigue cause

Increase errors and quitting

What combats compassion fatigue

Resiliency

Why is focus on nursing changing

Tech advancements, increased work loads, higher seriousness of patients